Updraft - Updraft

Japanese: 上昇気流 - じょうしょうきりゅう
Updraft - Updraft

The upward movement of air. Downward movement is called downdraft. Wind mainly blows horizontally. This is because the atmosphere is stable in density stratification. Stable density stratification is a state in which when an air mass moves upward from a certain altitude, its density becomes greater than the surrounding air, causing a downward gravitational force, and when it moves downward, its density becomes less than the surrounding air, causing an upward buoyancy force. For this reason, air mainly moves horizontally, for the same reason that a ship floating on the water surface cannot go into the air or underwater due to its stability. Updrafts therefore occur only in somewhat special cases, and the following causes can be cited:

(1) When the wind blows along the slope of a mountain.

(2) This occurs when warm air rises on the back of cold air at the boundary between two air masses, and mainly occurs at the cold front and warm front.

(3) When a warm air mass rises due to buoyancy. This can occur when the ground surface is strongly heated by solar radiation, or when an air mass is heated by the latent heat (latent heat of vaporization or evaporation) generated when water vapor condenses inside the cloud. Cumulonimbus clouds develop toward the sky in the latter case.

(4) When two air currents with similar properties join together, some of the air is pushed upwards. The area in which the rising air current occurs is linear, and this area is called a convergence line.

(5) When wind blows from the sea toward the land, as the wind crosses the coastline, surface friction suddenly increases and the wind speed weakens, so some of the air moves upwards. This is sometimes called the internal boundary layer. Updrafts also occur at the sea breeze front (the leading edge of the sea breeze).

(6) In the center of a strong vortex, such as a typhoon or tornado. Because the air pressure in the center of the vortex is lower than in the surrounding area, air near the ground surface gathers in the center of the vortex. As a result, an updraft is created.

Updrafts are important not only for glider pilots and black kites, but also for meteorological purposes. Air pressure is lower the higher you go, so when an air mass rises, it expands and its temperature drops (adiabatic cooling). The rate of temperature drop is about 1°C for every 100 meters it rises. This rate of temperature drop is called the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Air contains water vapor, so clouds form when the dew point temperature is reached. If the air continues to rise, the cloud particles will grow and cause rain or snow. Therefore, areas where updrafts occur generally have bad weather. The weather in the mountains is also prone to change because updrafts are more likely to occur. Conversely, areas where downdrafts occur are cloudless and generally have low humidity. This is why there are many deserts on land under the subtropical high pressure belt, where downdrafts are always occurring.

[Ryuji Kimura]

[References] | Subtropical high pressure | Warm front | Wind | Cold front | Air mass | Air flow | Heat of evaporation | Cumulonimbus cloud | Latent heat | Atmosphere | Typhoon | Tornado | Adiabatic lapse rate

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

上方に向かう空気の運動。下方に向かう運動は下降気流という。風はおもに水平に吹く。それは、大気が安定な密度成層をなしているためである。安定な密度成層とは、空気塊が、ある高度から上方に向かうと、密度が周りの空気よりも大きくなって下向きの重力が働き、下方に向かうと密度が周りの空気よりも小さくなって上向きの浮力が働く状態をいう。このため、水面に浮かぶ船が復原力のために空中にも水中にも行けないのと同じ理由で、空気はもっぱら水平方向に運動する。したがって上昇気流が生じるのは、やや特殊な場合に限られ、次のような成因があげられる。

(1)山の斜面に沿って風が吹くとき。

(2)二つの気団の境界面で、寒気の背に暖かい空気が乗り上げたときで、おもに寒冷前線面および温暖前線面で生じる。

(3)暖められた空気塊が浮力で上昇したとき。地表面が日射で強く熱せられて生じる場合と、雲の内部で水蒸気が凝結するときに発生する潜熱(気化熱、蒸発熱)によって空気塊が暖められて生じる場合とがある。積乱雲が上空に向けて発達するのは後者の場合である。

(4)性質の似た二つの気流が合流した結果、一部の空気が上空に押し出されるとき。上昇気流の生じる範囲が線状になるので、そこを収束線という。

(5)風が海から陸地に向かって吹くとき。風が海岸線を越えると急に地表面摩擦が大きくなって風速が弱まるので、一部の空気が上空に向かう。これを内部境界層ということがある。また、海風前線(海風の先端部)にも上昇気流が生じる。

(6)台風や竜巻のような強い渦巻の中心部。渦巻の中心部は周囲より気圧が低いので、地表面付近の空気が渦巻の中心部に集まってくる。その結果、上昇気流が生じる。

 上昇気流はグライダーのパイロットやトビなどワシタカ科の鳥にとってたいせつなばかりでなく、気象学的に重要な意味をもつ。気圧は上空ほど低くなるので、空気塊が上昇すると膨張し、その際に空気塊の温度が下がる(断熱冷却)。その低くなる割合は100メートル上昇するごとに約1℃である。この減少率を乾燥断熱減率という。空気中には水蒸気が含まれているので、露点温度に達すると雲が発生する。さらに上昇を続ければ、雲粒が成長して雨や雪を降らせることになる。したがって、上昇気流の生じるところは一般に天気が悪い。山の天気が変わりやすいのも、上昇気流が生じやすいためである。逆に、下降気流の生じるところは雲がなく、一般に湿度が低い。つねに下降気流の生じている亜熱帯高圧帯の下にある陸地に砂漠が多いのはこのためである。

[木村龍治]

[参照項目] | 亜熱帯高気圧 | 温暖前線 | | 寒冷前線 | 気団 | 気流 | 蒸発熱 | 積乱雲 | 潜熱 | 大気 | 台風 | 竜巻 | 断熱減率

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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