Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von

Japanese: シュトルーベ(英語表記)Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von
Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von
Born: April 15, 1793, Altona, Schleswig-Holstein
[Died] November 23, 1864. St. Petersburg. A Russian astronomer born in Germany. He was the first of four generations of an astronomer family, sometimes called the "Struve dynasty." He fled Germany under Napoleon's occupation and enrolled in the University of Dorpat (Tartu, Estonia) (1808), and spent the rest of his time in Russia. He served as professor of astronomy and mathematics at Dorpat (1813), director of the university's observatory (1817), and director of the Pulkovo Observatory (1839). In 1824, using the largest reflecting telescope at the time, he observed and recorded about 120,000 stars, and recorded about 3,000 double stars (75% of which were new discoveries). His work can be said to have marked the beginning of modern research into double stars. He is also famous for measuring the parallax of Vega (the Weaver Girl). His main work is "Precise Observations of Double Stars" (Stellar duplicium mensurae micrometricae) (1837). In 2005, the Struve Geodetic Arc, a collection of observation points established between 1816 and 1855 in 34 locations in 10 countries from Norway to the Black Sea, was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Struve
Struve, Otto

Born: August 12, 1897, Karlkov, Russian Empire
[Died] April 6, 1963. Berkeley, California, USA. American astronomer born in Russia. Great-grandson of Friedrich GW Struve. Studied astronomy at Karlkopf University, fled to Turkey during the Russian Revolution in 1920, and fled to the United States the following year in 1921, studying at the University of Chicago. Began research in astronomical spectroscopy as a researcher at the Yerkes Observatory. Served as director of the Yerkes Observatory (1932), director of the University of Texas' McDonald Observatory (1939), chair of astronomy at the University of Chicago (1947), director of the University of California's Leuschner Observatory (1950), director of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank (1959-62), and president of the International Astronomical Union (1952-55). He performed spectroscopic analysis of the light from stars, and from spectral absorption lines he revealed the existence of interstellar matter, including hydrogen, the existence and period of stellar rotation, and the existence of variable stars, playing a key role in the development of radio astronomy. He also proposed a theory of stellar evolution. He published over 700 papers, including his major works Stellar Evolution (1950) and The Universe (1962).

Struve
Struve, Gustav von

Born: October 11, 1805 in Munich
Died August 21, 1870. A radical democrat from Vienna, Germany. He became a lawyer in Baden, and published the Mannheimer Zeitung, a newspaper which he himself published, arguing for radical views, which often led to prison sentences. In September 1847, together with F. Hecker and others, he led the radical Offenburg meeting. After the March Revolution broke out, he rose up in Baden in April 1848 in an attempt to establish a republic, but was suppressed (the Hecker Putsch), and rose up again in September. He participated in the constitutional struggle the following year, but failed, and fled to the United States via Switzerland and England, where he served in the Civil War, returning to the United States in 1863. He is known for his work Allgemeine Weltgeschichte (Outlines of World History) (9 volumes, 1853-60).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1793.4.15. シュレースウィヒホルシュタイン,アルトナ
[没]1864.11.23. ペテルブルグ
ドイツ生まれのロシアの天文学者。4代続いた天文学一家の初代で,「シュトルーベ王朝」と呼ばれることがある。ナポレオン占領下のドイツを逃れ,ドルパト大学 (エストニアのタルトゥ) に入学 (1808) してからのちはロシアで過ごす。ドルパト大学の天文学および数学教授 (1813) ,同大学天文台台長 (1817) ,プルコボ天文台台長 (1839) などを歴任。 1824年に,当時としては最大の反射望遠鏡を用いて,約 12万の恒星を観測,記録し,約 3000の二重星 (→重星 ) (うち 75%は新発見) を記録している。彼の業績によって二重星に関する近代的な研究が始まったといえる。ベガ (織女) の視差の測定も名高い。主著『二重星の精密観測』 Stellarum duplicium mensurae micrometricae (1837) 。なお,1816~55年に,シュトルーベを中心としてノルウェーから黒海にかけての 10ヵ国,34ヵ所に設定された観測点が,2005年シュトルーベの測地弧として世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された。

シュトルーベ
Struve, Otto

[生]1897.8.12. ロシア帝国,カールコフ
[没]1963.4.6. アメリカ合衆国,カリフォルニア,バークリー
ロシア生まれのアメリカ合衆国の天文学者。フリードリヒ・G.W.シュトルーベの曾孫。カールコフ大学で天文学を専攻,1920年ロシア革命の際トルコに逃れ,翌 1921年アメリカに亡命 ,シカゴ大学に学ぶ。ヤーキズ天文台の研究員として天体分光学の研究を開始。同天文台台長 (1932) ,テキサス大学マクドナルド天文台台長 (1939) ,シカゴ大学天文学主任教授 (1947) ,カリフォルニア大学ロイシュナー天文台台長 (1950) ,グリーンバンクの国立電波天文台台長 (1959~62) ,国際天文学連合総裁 (1952~55) 。恒星からくる光の分光分析を行ない,スペクトル吸収線から水素をはじめとする星間物質の存在,恒星の自転の存在とその周期,変光星の存在を明らかにし,電波天文学発展の主役として活躍。ほかに星の進化理論も提出した。700に及ぶ論文を発表。主著『星の進化』Stellar Evolution (1950) ,『宇宙』The Universe (1962) 。

シュトルーベ
Struve, Gustav von

[生]1805.10.11. ミュンヘン
[没]1870.8.21. ウィーン
ドイツの急進的民主主義者。バーデンで弁護士となり,みずから刊行した『マンハイム新聞』で急進的な論陣を張り,しばしば禁錮刑の宣告を受ける。 1847年9月 F.ヘッカーらと急進的なオッフェンブルク集会を指導。三月革命が起ると,48年4月共和国の建設を企ててバーデンに蜂起したが鎮圧され (ヘッカー一揆) ,再び9月にも蜂起。翌年の憲法闘争にも参加したが失敗,スイス,イギリスを経てアメリカに亡命,南北戦争に従軍,63年帰国した。著書に『世界史概説』 Allgemeine Weltgeschichte (9巻,1853~60) がある。

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