Ankara - Ankara (English spelling)

Japanese: アンカラ - あんから(英語表記)Ankara
Ankara - Ankara (English spelling)

The capital of the Republic of Turkey. It is located on the Anatolian Plateau in the central north of the Asia Minor Peninsula. It is also the capital of Ankara Province. It has a population of 3,203,362 (2000). It is surrounded by hills made of andesite along the Ankara River and Cubuk River, which are upstream of the Sakarya River. It is about 850 meters above sea level. It has a dry climate with an annual precipitation of 402.5 mm. There is a large annual temperature range (average temperature 23.1°C in July, -0.2°C in January). When Kemal Ataturk designated it as the capital, the population did not reach 30,000, and the urban area was limited to the Ulus district at the foot of Hisar (fortress) in the north, but later urban planning was carried out, and new urban areas such as Kizilay and Çankaya were built with Ataturk Street running north and south as the main artery. These new towns have high-rise buildings and parks and are beautiful, but on the hills, ordinary houses known as gecekondu (built overnight) have been built haphazardly. It is the political, transportation, academic and cultural centre of Turkey, and is home to the parliament building, government agencies and foreign diplomatic missions, as well as Ankara University, Middle East Technical University, the Archaeological Museum and the Ethnographic Museum. It is a key hub for road and rail transport, and Esenboga International Airport is located 30 km to the north. Industries such as flour milling, foodstuffs and vehicles can also be found here, and historical sites include the remains of Roman baths and the mausoleum of Ataturk. In winter, smog pollution occurs due to coal used for heating.

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history

In classical Greek and Latin it is called Ancyra, and in modern Greek it is called Angora. The city's origins date back to prehistoric times. Many ruins of houses have been discovered in Anu Tepe, where the Mausoleum of Ataturk is now located. It later became a Hittite city, and then came under the control of the Galatians. Alexander the Great passed through Gordium in the south. After Alexander's empire was divided, it became part of the Kingdom of Pontus, but in 25 BC it was incorporated into the Roman Empire. As the base of the Roman Empire in Anatolia, a palace commemorating the achievements of Augustus and a Roman bath were built. During the Byzantine Empire, it was attacked by Persia and the Abbasid Caliphate. Around the 11th century it came under the control of the Seljuk Turks, and the Ottomans occupied the city in 1361. In 1402, Bayezid I was defeated by Timur in the Cubuk Grasslands in the north (Battle of Ankara) and lost Ankara for a time, but it was soon restored to the Ottoman Empire. After that, the city flourished as a transportation and commercial hub in Anatolia, centering on the citadel. After World War I, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Kemal Ataturk) convened the Grand National Assembly in Ankara. In 1923, the establishment of the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in this city, and it became the capital. Since then, it has served as the political center of the Republic of Turkey to this day.

[Kunihiro Shitara]

[References] | Battle of Ankara | Kemal Ataturk | Timur | Bayezid I

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

トルコ共和国の首都。小アジア半島中央北部、アナトリア高原上に位置する。アンカラ県の県都でもある。人口320万3362(2000)。サカルヤ川上流のアンカラ川およびチュブク川に沿い、安山岩からなる丘陵が取り巻く。標高約850メートル。気候は乾燥し、年降水量は402.5ミリメートル。気温の年較差は大きい(平均気温7月23.1℃、1月零下0.2℃)。ケマル・アタチュルクによって首都に定められた当時は人口3万に達せず、市街地も北部のヒサール(城塞(じょうさい))の麓(ふもと)のウルス地区付近に限られていたが、その後都市計画が施され、南北に走るアタチュルク通りを幹線にして、クズライ地区、チャンカヤ地区などの新市街が建設された。これらの新市街は高層ビルや公園もあって町並みも美しいが、丘陵部にはゲジェコンドゥ(一夜(いちや)建て)とよばれる庶民住宅が無計画に建てられている。トルコの政治、交通、学術、文化の中心で、新市街には国会議事堂、政府諸機関、外国公館などがあり、アンカラ大学、中東工科大学、考古博物館、民俗博物館なども存在する。道路、鉄道交通の要衝で、エセンボア国際空港は北30キロメートルに位置する。製粉、食料品、車両などの工業もみられ、史跡としてはローマ時代の浴場跡、アタチュルクの廟(びょう)などがある。冬には暖房用石炭によるスモッグ公害が発生する。

[末尾至行]

歴史

古典ギリシア語、ラテン語ではアンキラAncyra、現代ギリシア語ではアンゴラAngoraという。都市の起源は古く、先史時代にさかのぼる。現在アタチュルク廟のあるアヌ・テペには、多数の住居趾(し)が発見されている。その後ヒッタイトの都市となり、さらにガラテヤ人の支配下に入った。アレクサンドロス大王は南方のゴルディオンを通過した。アレクサンドロスの帝国分裂後はポントス王国領となったが、紀元前25年ローマ帝国領に編入された。ローマ帝国のアナトリアの拠点として、アウグストゥスの功績を記した宮殿やローマ風呂(ぶろ)が建設された。ビザンティン帝国時代にはペルシアやアッバース朝の攻撃を受けた。11世紀ごろセルジューク・トルコの支配下に入り、オスマン朝は1361年にこの町を占領した。1402年バヤジト1世は、北方のチュブク草原でティームールに敗れ(アンカラの戦い)、アンカラを一時失ったが、まもなくオスマン朝に回復された。その後、城塞を中心にアナトリアの交通、商業の拠点として繁栄した。第一次世界大戦後ムスタファ・ケマル・パシャ(ケマル・アタチュルク)は、大国民議会をアンカラに招集した。1923年トルコ共和国の成立がこの町で宣言され、首都となった。以後、トルコ共和国の政治的中心地として、今日に至っている。

[設楽國廣]

[参照項目] | アンカラの戦い | ケマル・アタチュルク | ティームール | バヤジト(1世)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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