This refers to sounds other than chirping made by birds. They are often simple and familiar sounds such as "beep" or "chi". Chirping is mainly only made during the breeding season, but ground calls are made throughout the year. In addition, not only males but also females make them. Ground calls have various meanings and roles, such as individual recognition, communication of location, threats, and warnings. For individual recognition, slight differences in the voices of individual birds are used. On the other hand, sounds used to warn of the appearance of predators tend to be similar even among different species. Good examples are the "hiss" sound made by large thrushes and the "chi" sound made by white-throated sparrows. These warning calls have an acoustic characteristic that makes it difficult to determine the location of the sound source, even though they can be heard clearly. It is thought that warning calls developed out of the need to communicate only the necessary information to peers and not inform predators of their location. [Higuchi Hiroyoshi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鳥が発するさえずり以外の声をいう。「ピー」とか「チー」といった単純でじみな声であることが多い。さえずりはおもに繁殖期にしか出されないが、地鳴きは1年を通じて出される。また、雄だけでなく、雌も出す。地鳴きには、個体認知、居場所の連絡、脅し、警告など、いろいろな意味と役割がある。個体認知には、個体による声のわずかな違いが利用される。一方、外敵の出現を知らせる警告に使われる声は、種が違っても似ている傾向がある。大形ツグミ類が出す「シー」という声、ホオジロ類が出す「チッ」という声などが、その好例である。こうした警告声は、はっきりとは聞こえても、音源の位置を定めにくいという音声上の特徴をもっている。必要な情報だけを仲間に伝え、外敵には位置を知らせないという必要から警告声が発達してきたものと思われる。 [樋口広芳] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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