Judges - lions (English spelling) šophē Hebrew

Japanese: 士師 - しし(英語表記)šophēヘブライ語
Judges - lions (English spelling) šophē Hebrew

In ancient Israel, charismatic leaders (people believed by members of the community to have been given special powers as a gift from God (charisma)) were usually called "judges." During the so-called period of the judges, from the 12th to 11th centuries BC, they judged military, civil, and criminal issues that arose within the Israelite community. Moreover, unlike kings under the kingdom system, this position was not permanent or hereditary, but was in principle temporary and personal. According to the Book of Judges in the Old Testament, a distinction is made between the great judges, who are characterized as heroic liberators, and the lesser judges, who are characterized as judges and arbitrators. Othniel (3:7-11), Ehud (3:12-30), Deborah (4-5), Gideon (6:1-8:32), Jephthah (10:6-12:7), and Samson (13-16) belong to the former group, while Shamgar (3:31), Tola (10:1-2), Jair (10:3-5), Ibzan (12:8-10), Elon (12:11-12), and Abdon (12:13-15) belong to the latter group. The Book of Ruth in the Old Testament contains a description of judges (elders) who acted like jurors (Chapter 4).

[Fixed Form Hisao]

[Reference] | Book of Judges

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代イスラエルにおけるカリスマ的指導者(神の賜物(カリスマ)としての特別な力を与えられていると共同体成員によって信じられている人物)であり、通常「裁(さば)き司(づかさ)」judgeとよばれる。彼らは、紀元前12~前11世紀の間、いわゆる士師時代に、イスラエル共同体内に起こる軍事、民事および刑事などの諸問題を裁いた。しかもこの職務は、王国制度下の王とは異なって、恒常的・世襲的なものでなく、原則として臨時的・個人的なものであった。『旧約聖書』「士師記」によれば、英雄的解放者としての性格を有する大士師と、裁判人・仲裁者として性格づけされる小士師とが区別される。オテニエル(3章7~11節)、エホデ(3章12~30節)、デボラ(4~5章)、ギデオン(6章1節~8章32節)、エフタ(10章6節~12章7節)およびサムソン(13~16章)などは前者に属し、シャムガル(3章31節)、トラ(10章1~2節)、ヤイル(10章3~5節)、イブザン(12章8~10節)、エロン(12章11~12節)およびアブドン(12章13~15節)などは後者に属する。『旧約聖書』「ルツ記」には、陪審員のような機能を果たす士師(長老たち)についての記述がある(4章)。

[定形日佐雄]

[参照項目] | 士師記

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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