Self-digestion - self-digestion

Japanese: 自己消化 - じこしょうか
Self-digestion - self-digestion

After death, the tissues of a living organism break down due to its own enzymes. There are various types of enzymes that work in autolysis, such as protease, lipase, and amylase. It mainly refers to the breakdown of proteins by proteases. Depending on the type of food, many foods become more delicious through autolysis. Allowing autolysis to proceed moderately is sometimes called aging. Autolysis is an enzymatic action, so it is affected by conditions such as temperature, pH, and salt. Normally, if autolysis proceeds quickly, bacterial decay is more likely to proceed at the same time. Therefore, to slow down autolysis, it is often necessary to keep the temperature low (meat, tuna) or to salt heavily (fish).

In meats such as beef, pork, and lamb, autolysis increases the amount of nucleic acid substances and amino acids, making the muscles softer and tastier. The act of allowing meat to autolyze is called aging. Aging temperatures of around 1°C are said to be ideal. Tuna, yellowtail, and other meats taste best when packed on ice and left for a short time after the rigor has thawed. At this time, the amount of umami amino acids such as histidine and umami nucleic acid substances such as inosinic acid increases. The degree of autolysis is measured using the K value, which is the ratio between nucleic acid and its changed substance, and is used to determine the freshness of fish. Salted products, which use salt, also undergo autolysis, but there are some that actively autolyze by adding enzyme-rich innards to the ingredients, such as shiokara.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生体が死後、自己の保有する酵素により、自体の組織が分解していくことをいう。自己消化で働く酵素は、プロテアーゼ、リパーゼ、アミラーゼなど各種のものがある。主としてタンパク質がプロテアーゼによって分解されることをいう。食品の種類によっては、自己消化でうま味の出てくるものが多い。ほどよく自己消化を行わせることを熟成とよぶこともある。自己消化は酵素作用であるため、温度、水素イオン濃度指数(pH)、食塩などの条件によって影響を受ける。通常自己消化が早く進むと、細菌類による腐敗も同時に進行しやすい。そのためゆっくり自己消化を進行させるには、低温(肉類、マグロ)にしたり、強く塩をしたり(魚類)することが多い。

 肉類のなかでは、牛、豚、羊などは、自己消化により、核酸系物質が増加するとともに、アミノ酸も多くなり、さらに筋肉が軟らかく、食べておいしく感じるようになる。肉類を自己消化させることをとくに熟成とよぶ。熟成温度は1℃くらいがよいとされる。マグロ、ブリなどは氷詰めにし、硬直が解けて少時経過したくらいが味がよい。この際、ヒスチジンなどうま味のあるアミノ酸や、イノシン酸などの核酸系のうま味物質が増加する。自己消化の度合いは、核酸とその変化した物質との比率でみるK値などが用いられ、魚では鮮度の判定に利用されている。塩を使用する塩蔵品も自己消化が進むが、酵素の多い内臓などを材料に加えて積極的に自己消化させるものに塩辛などがある。

[河野友美・山口米子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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