An equation that expresses a physical law should hold true regardless of the units of physical quantities used. For this to happen, both sides must have the same dimension. Analysis based on this fact is called dimensional analysis. All physical quantities (apart from electromagnetic ones for simplicity's sake) are defined as a combination of length, mass, and time. If we express each of these quantities as [ L ], [ M ], and [ T ], then velocity, for example, is defined as displacement (i.e. length) divided by time, so its dimension is [velocity] = [ LT -1 ]. For physical quantities whose dimensional formula contains T raised to the power γ, when the unit of time is multiplied by r , the numerical value expressing the magnitude becomes 1/ rγ times . The same is true for other basic quantities, so an equation expressing a physical law must have the physical quantities on both sides of the formula with the same dimensional formula. From this, it is sometimes possible to deduce the law. For example, the period of a simple pendulum with mass m and length l can be calculated by adding the gravitational acceleration g, as follows: (Period) = m α l β g γ × (Dimensionless constant) [Right side] = [ M ] α [ L ] β [ LT -2 ] γ = [ M α L β+γ T -2γ ] [ε 0 ]=[ L -3 M -1 T 4 I 2 ] [Hiroshi Ezawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物理法則を表す等式は、物理量の単位の選び方によらず成り立つはずである。そのためには、その両辺は同じ次元をもたなければならない。この事実に基づく解析を次元解析という。 物理量は(簡単に説明するため電磁気的なものを別にすれば)すべて長さ、質量、時間の組合せで定義される。それぞれを[L]、[M]、[T]で表すと、たとえば速度は変位(つまり長さ)を時間で割って定義されるため、その次元は 次元式のなかにTがγ乗で含まれている物理量は、時間の単位をr倍にすると、その大きさを表す数値が1/rγ倍になる。他の基本量についても同様であるため、物理法則を表す式は、その両辺の物理量が同じ次元式をもつものでなければならない。このことから法則の推定ができる場合もある。たとえば、質量m、長さlの単振り子の周期は、これに重力加速度gを加えて [右辺]=[M]α[L]β[LT-2]γ=[MαLβ+γT-2γ] [ε0]=[L-3M-1T4I2] [江沢 洋] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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