Extra Uterine Pregnancy

Japanese: 子宮外妊娠 - しきゅうがいにんしん(英語表記)Extra Uterine Pregnancy
Extra Uterine Pregnancy
◎ The fertilized egg implants in a location other than the uterus
[What kind of disease is it?]
In a normal pregnancy, the embryo (the early stage of the fetus) and fetus develop inside the uterus.
However, even if a woman is pregnant, there are cases where the embryo/fetus grows outside of the normal area of ​​the uterus, which is called an ectopic pregnancy. The most common type of ectopic pregnancy is when the embryo grows inside a thin tube called the fallopian tube, and usually occurs between the 5th and 8th weeks of pregnancy, causing fallopian tube rupture or fallopian tube miscarriage, and often necessitating surgery.
[Symptoms]
With the advances being made in diagnostic techniques such as ultrasound, it is often possible to make a diagnosis before symptoms appear, and surgery is required. However, in general, symptoms include lower abdominal pain on either side, a small amount of dark red genital bleeding, and if bleeding occurs within the abdominal cavity, sudden abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Once bleeding begins within the abdominal cavity, it can become large (over 2000ml) and can be life-threatening, so you must go to the hospital as soon as possible.
[Cause]
This is called a pelvic infection, and it is thought to occur most often when there is inflammation around the fallopian tubes or when a previous infection prevents the fertilized egg from being transported normally into the uterus.
●Department to visit If a woman who may be pregnant has lower abdominal pain, she should first visit an obstetrician-gynecologist. Even if her period is regular, genital bleeding may be due to an ectopic pregnancy, so caution is advised.
[Testing and diagnosis]
Pregnancy tests usually show a positive result at 4 to 5 weeks of pregnancy, almost 100% of the time. Even if you do an ultrasound at this point, it is not always possible to confirm the gestational sac in the uterus, but if the gestational sac cannot be confirmed in the uterus even after the 6th week of pregnancy based on the basal body temperature chart and chorionic villus hormone (hCG) value, an ectopic pregnancy is suspected.
However, at this point, it is important to distinguish it from a very early miscarriage. If the gestational sac does not appear in the uterus, but is confirmed in the fallopian tube or other areas, there is a strong possibility of an ectopic pregnancy, even if there are no symptoms.
If the pregnancy is almost certainly over six weeks and a transvaginal ultrasound does not show a gestational sac in the uterus, a test called endometrial curettage may be performed. This allows a direct diagnosis of whether or not the pregnancy is in the uterus.
Other important tests include continuously measuring the chorionic hormone level in urine and imaging diagnostics such as MRI. In addition, laparoscopic examinations may be used to directly view the fallopian tubes, etc., for both diagnosis and treatment.
When abdominal pain is present, the presence or absence of intraperitoneal bleeding and the amount of bleeding are important issues. A needle is inserted through the vagina to check whether blood is accumulating in the pouch of Douglas, a depression between the uterus and the rectum. If there is a lot of bleeding, the abdomen is distended, and the patient's overall condition is poor, blood tests are also performed at the same time.
In the past, ectopic pregnancy was difficult to diagnose until abdominal pain or intraperitoneal bleeding occurred, but now it is possible to perform surgery and other treatments before symptoms appear. Unfortunately, however, it is still sometimes difficult to completely distinguish between an early miscarriage and an ectopic pregnancy. If there is a possibility of an ectopic pregnancy, it is important to receive tests and care from the very early stages of pregnancy.
◎ Surgical removal of the ectopic pregnancy
[Treatment]
If an ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed, the basic treatment is to surgically remove the ectopic pregnancy site, such as the fallopian tube. If there is a lot of bleeding in the abdominal cavity and the patient's overall condition is poor, blood transfusions and fluid infusions may be required.
In the case of a very early ectopic pregnancy with no bleeding, surgery to remove the fallopian tubes using a laparoscope may be possible. In special circumstances, treatment with anticancer drugs or treatment to preserve the fallopian tubes, such as salpingoplasty, may also be performed.
As shown in the figure "Implantation sites and frequency of ectopic pregnancy," there are two fallopian tubes, one on each side, and basically, pregnancy is possible as long as one of the fallopian tubes and ovaries is normal.
After discussing the side effects of each treatment, if it is an option for you, please discuss the treatment options with your doctor.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
◎受精卵が子宮以外の部位に着床
[どんな病気か]
 正常妊娠では、子宮のなかで胎芽(たいが)(胎児の初期の状態)・胎児が育ちます。
 ところが、妊娠はしていても、子宮の中の正常な部位以外で胎芽・胎児が大きくなる場合があり、これを子宮外妊娠といいます。もっとも頻度の多い子宮外妊娠は、卵管(らんかん)という細い管の中で胎芽が大きくなり、通常、妊娠5週~8週くらいの間に、卵管破裂や卵管流産などをおこし、手術が必要となることの多い病気です。
[症状]
 超音波などの検査技術の進歩した今日では、無症状のうちに診断がつき、手術となる場合も少なくありません。しかし、一般的には、左右のどちらかの下腹部痛や、暗赤色の少量の性器出血があり、さらに、腹腔内(ふくくうない)に出血すると急な腹痛、吐(は)き気(け)や嘔吐(おうと)などの症状をおこします。ひとたび腹腔内に出血し始めると、場合によっては多量(2000mℓ以上)となり、生命の危険もあり得るので、大至急病院へ行かなければなりません。
[原因]
 骨盤内(こつばんない)感染といって、卵管付近に炎症がある場合や、以前の感染がもとで、受精した卵(らん)が正常に子宮の中に運ばれないためにおこることが多いとされています。
●受診する科
 妊娠の可能性のある女性の下腹部痛は、まず産婦人科を受診するとよいでしょう。生理がたとえ順調であっても、子宮外妊娠による性器出血のこともありますので、注意が必要です。
[検査と診断]
 妊娠検査薬は、通常、妊娠4~5週でほぼ100%陽性に出ます。この時点で超音波検査をしても胎嚢(たいのう)が子宮内に確認できるとはかぎりませんが、基礎体温表や絨毛性(じゅうもうせい)ホルモン値(hCG値)からみて、妊娠6週をすぎても子宮内に胎嚢が確認できないときは子宮外妊娠を疑います。
 ただし、この時点では、ごく初期の流産との鑑別がたいせつです。子宮の中に胎嚢が現われず、卵管やほかの部位に胎嚢が確認された場合には、無症状であっても、子宮外妊娠の疑いが強いと考えられます。
 妊娠週数がほぼ確実に6週以上となり、経腟的(けいちつてき)(腟から行なう)超音波検査などで子宮の中に胎嚢が現われない場合、子宮内膜掻爬(しきゅうないまくそうは)という検査をすることがあります。これにより子宮内での妊娠かどうかを直接診断できます。
 その他の検査でたいせつなものは、継続的に尿中の絨毛性ホルモン値をはかることや、MRIなどによる画像診断です。また、診断と治療をかねて、腹腔鏡(ふくくうきょう)による検査で、直接に卵管などをみることもあります。
 腹痛のある状態では、腹腔内出血の有無や、その量が重要な問題となります。ダグラス窩(か)という子宮と直腸の間にあるくぼみに、血液がたまっているかどうかを、腟から針を刺して調べます。出血が多量で、腹部も膨満(ぼうまん)し、全身状態が不良である場合には、血液検査も同時に行ないます。
 かつては、腹痛や腹腔内出血がおこってからしか診断のつきにくかった子宮外妊娠も、現在では、無症状のうちに手術などの治療を行なうことも可能になってきました。しかし、残念なことに、いまだに初期の流産と子宮外妊娠を、完全に区別するのがむずかしい場合もあります。子宮外妊娠の可能性がある場合には、妊娠のごく初期からの検査や注意がたいせつです。
◎子宮外妊娠部位を手術で除去
[治療]
 子宮外妊娠の診断がついたならば、基本的な治療は、手術により卵管などの子宮外妊娠部位を摘出することです。腹腔内に出血が多く、全身状態も不良であれば、輸血・輸液が必要となることも少なくありません。
 ごく初期の子宮外妊娠で、出血などもない場合には、腹腔鏡を用いて卵管を摘出する手術が可能であることがあります。また、特殊な状況では、抗がん剤を用いた治療や、卵管形成術などの卵管を残す治療も行なわれます。
 図「子宮外妊娠の着床部位とその頻度」のように、卵管という器官は左右2つあり、基本的に片方の卵管、卵巣が正常であれば、妊娠は可能です。
 それぞれの治療の副作用などを相談のうえ、選択可能な状態であるならば、担当医と治療法を話し合ってください。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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