Consonant - Shiin

Japanese: 子音 - しいん
Consonant - Shiin

One of the two major classifications of single sounds in comparison with vowels. It is defined as (1) a noise sound that is a non-periodic wave acoustically, (2) a sound that is relatively hard to hear auditorily, and (3) a sound that is physiologically accompanied by obstruction due to closure or narrowing of some part of the vocal tract. However, there are some problems with (1), such as the fact that musical sounds such as [m,n,…] are classified as consonants, and the noise of devoiced vowels (such as whispered vowels) are classified as vowels in (2), that [m,n,…], which are louder than devoiced vowels, are classified as consonants, and the scientific basis for the "hearing" that underpins this, and that [w,j,h,…], which are relatively easy to hear in the vocal tract, are classified as consonants in (3).

As mentioned above, the boundary between consonants and vowels is not always clear depending on the situation, so a functional view was introduced in which those that have the ability to form the apex of a syllable are called vowels and those that do not are called consonants. However, if we follow this view, for example, the [ł,,] in English couple [k∧pł], prism [prIz], and mutton [m∧t] are consonants but are syllabic.

To overcome this, Saussure, in addition to the criteria of vowels and consonants, gave two terms, sonante (autophonic or autorhythmic) for those that are functionally syllabic, and consonante (resonant or allophonic) for those that are not. Pike, on the other hand, argued that the traditional classification of vowels and consonants was more or less based on phonological criteria, and distinguished between vocoids and contoids based purely on phonetic criteria. As a result, those whose breath passes through the center of the oral cavity without friction or closure are vocoids, and all others are contoids. Therefore, devoiced vowels, semiconsonants, and vowel-like consonants such as [r, l, ł, ʎ, h, …] were all classified as vocoids. Hockett also uses the same term, but defines it from an auditory perspective, and therefore includes nasals such as [m, n, ł, …] as well as approximants, which are weak fricatives.

In Japan, following the Chinese phonology's distinction between consonants (roughly equivalent to consonants) and final sounds (roughly equivalent to vowels), they were initially called vowels and consonants, then vowels and vowels, and finally vowels and consonants. However, since pronouncing a consonant as "shi-on" causes homophonic conflict with dental sounds, it is now pronounced "shi-in." From a practical standpoint, the most convenient classification is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet's point of articulation (horizontal axis) and articulation style (vertical axis), and the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration.

[Jyosei Hyakutaro]

"Phonetics" by Hattori Shiro (1951, Iwanami Shoten) " ▽ "Phonetics" by Josei Hyakutaro, supervised by Kindaichi Haruhiko (1982, Apollon Music Industries)""Introduction to Phonetics" by M. Schubigel, translated by Koizumi Tamotsu (1973, Taishukan Shoten)""Phonetics" by B. Malmberg, translated by Ohashi Yasuo (1959, Hakusuisha, Que sais-je Bunko)"

[Reference] | Phonetic symbols | Semivowels and semiconsonants | Vowel

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

母音に対する単音の二大分類上の一つ。〔1〕音響的には非周期波である噪音(そうおん)、〔2〕聴覚的には相対的に「聴こえ」の小さいもの、〔3〕生理的には声道におけるいずれかの部位に閉鎖やせばめなどによる障害を伴うものなどと定義されるが、〔1〕では[m,n,…]などの楽音が子音に、また無声化母音(たとえばささやき声の母音など)の噪音が母音に分類される点、〔2〕では無声化母音よりも「聴こえ」の大きな[m,n,…]などが子音に分類されている点、およびその根底にある「聴こえ」に対する科学的根拠、〔3〕では声道に比較的障害を伴わない[w,j,h,…]などが子音に分類される点、などに問題が残る。

 以上のように、子音と母音の境界は、場合によってはかならずしも明瞭(めいりょう)ではなくなるところから、音節の頂点を形成する能力を有するものを母音とし、しからざるものを子音とするいわば機能的な見方が導入された。しかし、こうすると、たとえば英語のcouple[k∧pł],prism[prIz],mutton[m∧t]などの[ł,,]は子音でありながら、成節的であるということになる。

 この点を克服するためにソシュールは、母音・子音という基準以外に、機能面から成節的であるものにsonante(自鳴音または自響音)、しからざるものにconsonante(共鳴音または他響音)という2種の術語を付与した。また、パイクは、従来の母音・子音という分類を、多かれ少なかれ音韻論的基準が持ち込まれているとして、これに対し、純粋に音声学的基準によるvocoid(母音類)とcontoid(子音類)の別をたてている。その結果、呼気が口腔(こうこう)の中央を通り、しかも摩擦や閉鎖のないものがvocoid、それ以外はすべてcontoidとなる。したがって無声化母音、半子音、[r,l,ł,ʎ,h,…]などの母音的子音は、いずれもvocoidと分類されることになった。一方、ホケットC. F. Hockettも同じ術語を用いるが、聴覚面から定義づけをしているため、たとえば[m,n,ł,…]などの鼻音をはじめとして、微弱な摩擦音である接近音をもvocoidとしている。

 わが国では中国音韻学における声母(ほぼ子音に相当)と韻母(ほぼ母音に相当)の別に倣って、初期は母韻・子韻とし、ついで母音・父音を経て母音・子音と称するようになった。ただし、子音を「シオン」と読むと、歯音と同音衝突をおこすので、現在は「シイン」と読む。実用的見地からは、国際音声字母による調音点(横軸)と調音様式(縦軸)および声帯振動の有無による分類がもっとも便利である。

[城生佰太郎]

『服部四郎著『音声学』(1951・岩波書店)』『城生佰太郎著、金田一春彦監修『音声学』(1982・アポロン音楽工業社)』『M・シュービゲル著、小泉保訳『音声学入門』(1973・大修館書店)』『B・マルンベリ著、大橋保夫訳『音声学』(1959・白水社・文庫クセジュ)』

[参照項目] | 音声記号 | 半母音・半子音 | 母音

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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