Rancidity

Japanese: 酸敗 - さんぱい(英語表記)rancidity
Rancidity

When fats and oils are stored exposed to air, heat, light, etc., they can change in quality and develop an unpleasant odor and taste. This phenomenon is called rancidity. It is also called deterioration. It is mainly caused by autoxidation of fats and oils (slow oxidation by oxygen molecules in the air). It can also be caused by the action of microorganisms. Saturated fatty acids are extremely stable against autoxidation compared to oleic acid (about 100 times), which is significantly more stable than linoleic acid (20 to 40 times). Linoleic acid is more stable than linolenic acid (about twice as stable). Linolenic acid is more stable than the highly unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil. Ultimately, the content of component fatty acids with a higher degree of unsaturation than linoleic acid determines the degree of rancidity of fats and oils.

Autoxidation of fats and oils first produces hydroperoxides (lipid peroxides), which decompose to produce aldehydes and ketones, resulting in unpleasant odors and tastes. During this process, alcohol, short-chain fatty acids, hydrocarbons, oxidized polymers, water, etc. are also produced, and the acetyl value and acid value also increase. Hydroperoxides, which are expressed in terms of peroxide value, are toxic. When fats and oils are contained in food, the peroxide value must be low. Autoxidation of fats and oils (the degree of which can also be expressed in TBA value) and rancidity can be prevented to some extent by avoiding air, heat, and light and by using antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) and synergists (e.g. citric acid).

[Kazuo Fukuzumi]

In food, when fats and oils, or foods containing fats and oils, get old, peroxides produced by oxidation break down further, causing unpleasant odors, a bad taste, or a change in color. This deterioration of oil is called rancidity or deterioration. Lipase (a fat-decomposing enzyme) and the action of microorganisms in food are also involved in rancidity. Rancidity has a large effect on food, and in particular foods that contain a lot of fats and oils not only lose their flavor, but can also be toxic in some cases. To prevent rancidity, antioxidants (antioxidants) can be added, the gas in the packaging can be replaced with nitrogen gas to prevent the food from coming into contact with air, oxygen absorbers can be attached, and the food must be stored in a cool, dark place. Rancidity in salted and dried fish is called oil burn.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

"New Edition: Knowledge of Oil and Fat Products" by Kosaku Yasuda, Ryoichiro Fukunaga, Nobuya Matsui, and Masao Watanabe (1993, Koshobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

油脂を空気、熱、光などにさらして貯蔵しているうちに変質がおこり、いやなにおい、味を生ずるに至る。この現象を酸敗という。変敗とも称する。これは主として油脂の自動酸化(大気中の酸素分子による緩慢な酸化)による。微生物の作用によることもある。自動酸化に対し、飽和脂肪酸はオレイン酸に比べ非常に安定(100倍程度)であり、オレイン酸はリノール酸よりも著しく安定(20~40倍)である。リノール酸はリノレン酸よりも安定(2倍程度)である。リノレン酸は、魚油に含まれる高度不飽和脂肪酸よりも安定といえる。結局、リノール酸以上の不飽和度の高い成分脂肪酸の含有量が、油脂の酸敗の度合いを実質的に左右する。

 油脂の自動酸化によりまずヒドロペルオキシド(過酸化脂質)を生じ、これが分解してアルデヒド、ケトンなどを生成し、いやなにおい、味を生ずるに至る。この際、アルコール、短鎖脂肪酸、炭化水素、酸化重合体、水などをも生じ、アセチル価、酸価なども上昇してくる。過酸化物価で表されるヒドロペルオキシドは毒性を有する。油脂が食品に含まれる場合、過酸化物価は低いことが必要である。油脂の自動酸化(その度合いをTBA値でも表しうる)ひいては酸敗は、空気、熱、光を避け、酸化防止剤(たとえばビタミンE)および相乗剤(たとえばクエン酸)を使用することによって、ある程度抑止される。

[福住一雄]

 食品においては、油脂および油脂を含む食品が古くなると、酸化によって生じた過酸化物などがさらに分解され、不快な臭気を発生し、味が悪くなり、あるいは色が変わることがある。このような油の劣化現象を酸敗、または変敗という。また、食品中のリパーゼ(脂肪分解酵素)や微生物の作用も酸敗に関係している。酸敗は食品への影響が大きく、とくに油脂を多く含む食品は、これによって風味を損なうだけでなく、場合によっては毒性をもつ。酸敗を防ぐには、抗酸化剤(酸化防止剤)を加える、空気に食品が触れないように包装内の気体を窒素ガスに置き換える、酸素吸収材を添付するなどのほか、冷暗所に貯蔵する必要がある。魚の塩干(えんかん)品などの酸敗は油焼けとよばれる。

[河野友美・山口米子]

『安田耕作・福永良一郎・松井宣也・渡辺正男著『新版 油脂製品の知識』(1993・幸書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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