Zanzibar - Zanzibar (English spelling)

Japanese: ザンジバル - ざんじばる(英語表記)Zanzibar
Zanzibar - Zanzibar (English spelling)

A region in East Africa, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Tanzania, consisting of Zanzibar Island, Pemba Island, etc. Together with Tanganyika on the African continent, it forms the United Republic of Tanzania. Zanzibar means "Black Coast" in Persian. It has an area of ​​2,460 square kilometers and a population of 987,400 (2001 estimate). The central city is Zanzibar City on Zanzibar Island (population 247,500, 2001 estimate). The main island, Zanzibar Island, is a raised coral reef island with several marine terraces developed on a base of Tertiary siltstone and mudstone, Quaternary reef limestone, and a base of siltstone and mudstone from the tertiary period. It stretches 87 kilometers from north to south, 40 kilometers from east to west, and has an area of ​​1,660 square kilometers. The average annual temperature is 27°C, with February being hot and July to September being cool. The annual precipitation is 1,421 mm, with the heavy rainy season being from March to May and the light rainy season being from November to December. The northeasterly winds blow from December to March and the southwesterly winds blow from June to October, aiding the navigation of dhows (Arabian sailing ships) to and from the Persian Gulf coast.

[Nobuyuki Hori and Sumio Aoki]

History and politics

Zanzibar has long flourished as a commercial city in the Indian Ocean trade, and was particularly known as a distribution center for slaves and ivory. In the 16th century, the Portuguese advanced into the area, but were repelled by the islanders and Arabs who had migrated from the Persian Gulf coast. Arab influence then grew, and in 1840, Seyid Said, Sultan of Oman, moved his capital to Zanzibar and took control of trade along the East African coast. He sent caravans into the interior of the African continent, and at its peak, it is said that as many as 100,000 slaves were bought and sold annually. As European countries expanded into Africa in the 19th century, Zanzibar became a British protectorate in 1890, and the slave trade was also banned. In January 1963, it became a self-governing province under the British Empire, and in December of the same year, it gained independence with the Sultan as king. In January of the following year, a revolution occurred and it was declared a People's Republic, and in April of the same year it united with Tanganyika to become the United Republic of Tanganyika-Zanzibar, and in October of the same year, the United Republic of Tanzania. Even after the establishment of the United Republic, it has its own president and cabinet, and retains a wide range of autonomous functions similar to those of a single state, except for military, diplomatic, and currency. The president of Zanzibar automatically serves as the vice-president of the United Republic of Tanzania. Zanzibar also had its own political party, the Afro-Shiraji Party (ASP), but in 1977 the ASP merged with the Tanganyika African Union to become the Tanzania Revolutionary Party (CCM).

[Nobuyuki Hori and Sumio Aoki]

Industry and Society

Since the slave trade, which once supported economic prosperity, was banned, the port of Zanzibar has been replaced by Mombasa and Dar es Salaam on the mainland. The main product is the spice clove, and with 4 million cloves, the island accounts for the majority of the world's production. The inhabitants are a mix of Africans, Arabs and Indians, making for a typical multi-ethnic society. The language is Swahili, and the predominant religion is Islam. The capital, Zanzibar, is an Arab-style town with many maze-like alleys, and the beautifully carved doors of the houses tell of its former prosperity. The city is also home to the remains of the homes of many explorers, including Livingstone.

[Nobuyuki Hori and Sumio Aoki]

[Reference] | Tanzania

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

東アフリカ、タンザニア沖のインド洋上にあるザンジバル島、ペンバ島などからなる地域。アフリカ大陸のタンガニーカとともにタンザニア連合共和国を構成する。ザンジバルとはペルシア語で「黒人の海岸」を意味する。面積2460平方キロメートル、人口98万7400(2001推計)。中心都市はザンジバル島のザンジバル市(人口24万7500、2001推計)。主島のザンジバル島は第三紀層のシルト岩、泥岩を基盤に第四紀の礁石灰岩がのり、数段の海成段丘が発達する隆起サンゴ礁の島で、南北87キロメートル、東西40キロメートル、面積は1660平方キロメートルある。年平均気温27℃で、2月が暑く、7~9月は涼しい。年降水量は1421ミリメートルで、3~5月が大雨期、11~12月が小雨期となる。12月から3月にかけて北東の、6月から10月にかけて南西の季節風が吹き、ペルシア湾沿岸地域とのダウ(アラブ式帆船)の航行を助ける。

[堀 信行・青木澄夫]

歴史・政治

ザンジバル市は古くからインド洋交易の商業都市として栄え、とくに奴隷と象牙(ぞうげ)の集散地として知られた。16世紀にポルトガル人が進出したが、島民とペルシア湾沿岸地域から移住してきたアラブ人によって撃退された。その後アラブ人の影響が強まり、1840年オマーンのスルタンであったセイド・サイードがザンジバルに都を移し、東アフリカ海岸地域の貿易を支配した。彼は隊商をアフリカ大陸の奥地へ送り、最盛期には年間10万人もの奴隷が売買されたといわれる。19世紀以後のヨーロッパ諸国のアフリカ進出に伴って、1890年ザンジバルはイギリスの保護領となり奴隷貿易も禁止された。1963年1月イギリスの自治州となり、同年12月スルタンを国王として独立したが、翌64年1月革命が起こり人民共和国を宣言、同年4月タンガニーカと連合してタンガニーカ・ザンジバル連合共和国、さらに同年10月タンザニア連合共和国となった。連合共和国成立後も、独自の大統領、内閣をもち、軍事、外交、通貨以外は単一国家に近い広範な自治機能を保持している。ザンジバルの大統領は自動的にタンザニア連合共和国の副大統領を兼任する。またザンジバル独自の政党であるアフロ・シラジ党(ASP)を擁していたが、1977年にASPはタンガニーカ・アフリカ人同盟と合併し、タンザニア革命党(CCM)となった。

[堀 信行・青木澄夫]

産業・社会

かつて経済的繁栄を支えてきた奴隷貿易が禁止されてからは、ザンジバル港も大陸のモンバサやダルエス・サラームにとってかわられている。主要産物は香辛料のチョウジで、400万本の林を有し、生産量は世界の大半を占める。住民はアフリカ人、アラブ人、インド人が混在し、典型的な多人種社会を構成している。言語はスワヒリ語、宗教はイスラム教が主流をなす。中心都市のザンジバル市は、迷路のような路地の多いアラブ風の町で、家々の美しく彫刻された扉がかつての繁栄を物語っている。市内にはリビングストンをはじめ多くの探検家の住居跡もある。

[堀 信行・青木澄夫]

[参照項目] | タンザニア

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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