Mountaineers - Montagnards (French)

A political party during the French Revolution. The name comes from the fact that its members occupied high seats in the National Convention. They were associated with the Jacobin Club in Paris, and were active as Jacobin radicals from around September 1792, when the National Convention was established and the First Republic was inaugurated, until around July 1794. Robespierre, Danton, and Marat were some of their most representative politicians. Although originally bourgeois republicans, they allied with revolutionary popular forces, especially the so-called sans-culottes, such as Parisian craftsmen and small shopkeepers, to advance the revolution and to centralize power in Paris. First, they promoted the trial and execution of King Louis XVI, and then postponed the implementation of the Jacobin Constitution (1793 Constitution) that had been enacted in order to deal with the crisis of the revolution caused by the inferiority of the revolutionary war, the counter-revolutionary civil war, and economic turmoil. They implemented a state of emergency in which the entire nation was mobilized, and while they imposed a reign of terror centered on the Committee of Public Safety, they also implemented various democratic policies. After purging his political opponents, the Girondists, in June 1893, he assumed dictatorial power, but was weakened by factional conflicts and lost his power at the end of July 1894 with the fall of Robespierre's faction.

In addition, during the Second Republic (1848-52), radical republican members of parliament were also referred to by this party name.

[Shotaro Yamagami]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

フランス革命期における政治党派。この派の議員たちが、国民公会の議席の高所を占めていたことに由来する。パリのジャコバン・クラブに関係し、国民公会成立、第一共和政発足の1792年9月ごろから、94年7月ごろまで活躍したジャコバン派の急進分子で、ロベスピエール、ダントン、マラーらがその代表的政治家。元来、ブルジョア共和主義者たちであるが、革命的な民衆勢力、とくにパリの手工業者や小商店主など、いわゆるサン・キュロットと結んで、革命を進展させ、またパリ中心の中央集権化を目ざした。まず国王ルイ16世の裁判と処刑を推進、ついで革命戦争の劣勢、反革命内乱、経済混乱などによる革命の危機に対処するため、制定したジャコバン憲法（1793年憲法）の実施を延期、国民総動員の非常体制をとりつつ、公安委員会などを中心に恐怖政治を敷く一方、民主的諸政策を行った。93年6月、政敵ジロンド派を粛清してからは独裁的な権力を握ったが、分派の対立によって弱体化し、94年7月末、ロベスピエール派没落によって勢力を失った。

　なお、第二共和政（1848～52）下、急進的な共和主義国会議員たちも、この党派名をもってよばれる。

［山上正太郎］

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