Sanger, Margaret

Japanese: サンガー(英語表記)Sanger, Margaret
Sanger, Margaret
Born September 14, 1879 in Corning, New York.
Died September 6, 1966. Tucson, Arizona. An American birth control advocate known worldwide as Mrs. Sanger. Initially working as a nurse in the East Side of New York, she witnessed the coexistence of poverty, high birth rates, and high maternal and child mortality rates, which led her to become convinced of the need for birth control. In 1914, she started a magazine and distributed family planning pamphlets. In 1916, she opened America's first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, but was arrested for disturbing the peace and order and served 30 days of hard labor in a reformatory. In 1929, the Sanger Birth Control Clinic was searched and its documents confiscated. However, the number of doctors, social workers, and other supporters increased, and the lawsuit was dismissed. In 1936, the 1873 Debauchery Act, which made the use of contraceptive literature and devices a crime of debauchery, was amended to recognize that it was a doctor's legitimate right to prescribe contraception to save a patient's life and maintain their health. In 1921, he founded the American Birth Control League and served as its president until 1928. In 1927, he held the first World Population Congress in Switzerland, and in 1953, the International Birth Control League was also organized and he became its first president. He campaigned all over the world, and frequently visited Japan and India in particular.

Sanger
Sanger, Frederick

Born: August 13, 1918, Lenkom
[Died] November 19, 2013. British biochemist. Two-time recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He studied at St. John's College, Cambridge, and received his bachelor's degree in 1939 and his doctorate in biochemistry in 1943. In 1962, he became head of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He attempted to identify and quantify the unmodified amino groups in insulin, and determined the primary structure of insulin. He also succeeded in determining the sequence of the glycine amino acid chain. In 1958, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for being the first to determine the sequence of a protein. Sanger's group was the first to completely decipher the DNA base sequence of a genome in 1977, and later determined the DNA base sequence of human mitochondria (→ deoxyribonucleic acid). For this achievement, he was awarded the second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, along with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert. He retired from the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1983. He was awarded the Royal Medal in 1969, the Copley Medal in 1977, the CBE in 1963, the Order of the British Empire Third Class in 1981, and the Order of Merit in 1986. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute was founded in 1993.

Sanger
Sanger, Lord George

[Born] 1827
[Died] 1911
He was an English impresario who, together with his brother John (1816-1889), performed magic shows and circuses. In 1871 he acquired the Astley Amphitheatre and began staging spectacles there. He called himself Sir George.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1879.9.14. ニューヨーク,コーニング
[没]1966.9.6. アリゾナ,トゥーソン
サンガー夫人として世界的に知られるアメリカ合衆国の産児制限指導者。初め看護師としてニューヨークの貧民街イーストサイドに勤めるうち,貧困,多産,母子の高い死亡率が共存するのを見て,産児制限の必要性を確信するようになった。 1914年雑誌を創刊し,家族計画のパンフレットを配布した。 1916年ブルックリンに全米最初の産児制限診療所を開いたが,公安秩序の妨害で逮捕され,感化院で 30日間の労役に服し,また 1929年にもサンガー産児制限診療所が家宅捜査され,書類を押収された。しかし医師やソーシャルワーカーなど支援者が増え,訴訟は却下になった。 1936年には,避妊の文書や器具の使用を風俗壊乱罪にしていた 1873年の風俗壊乱防止法が改正され,患者の生命を救い,健康を保持するために避妊を指示することは,医師の正当な権利であると認められた。 1921年アメリカ産児制限連盟を創始し,1928年まで会長を務めた。 1927年スイスで第1回世界人口会議を開催,1953年には国際産児制限連盟も組織され,初代会長になった。世界各地を遊説し,特に日本やインドをたびたび訪れている。

サンガー
Sanger, Frederick

[生]1918.8.13. レンコム
[没]2013.11.19.ケンブリッジ
イギリスの生化学者。ノーベル化学賞を 2度受賞した。ケンブリッジ大学セントジョンズ・カレッジに学び,1939年に学士号を,1943年に生化学で博士号を取得。1962年に分子生物学研究所の部門長となった。インスリンの修飾されていないアミノ基の同定と定量を試み,インスリンの一次構造を決定した。また,アミノ酸グリシン鎖の配列決定に成功した。1958年,蛋白質の配列を初めて決定した功績によりノーベル化学賞を受賞した。サンガーのグループは,1977年に初めてゲノムの DNA塩基配列を完全に解読し,その後ヒトのミトコンドリアの DNA塩基配列を決定(→デオキシリボ核酸)。この功績により,1980年にポール・バーグ,ウォルター・ギルバートとともに 2度目となるノーベル化学賞を受賞した。1983年に分子生物学研究所を退職。1969年ロイヤル・メダル,1977年コプリー・メダル,1963年大英帝国三等勲功章 CBE,1981年名誉勲位,1986年メリット勲章を授与された。1993年ウェルカム・トラスト・サンガー研究所が創設された。

サンガー
Sanger, Lord George

[生]1827
[没]1911
イギリスの興行師。兄ジョン (1816~89) とともに,奇術ショーやサーカスの興行を行い,1871年にアストリー円形劇場を入手,スペクタクルを上演した。ジョージ卿と自称。

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