Samarkand - Самарканд/Samarkand

Japanese: サマルカンド - さまるかんど(英語表記)Самарканд/Samarkand
Samarkand - Самарканд/Samarkand

The capital of Samarkand Province, Uzbekistan. It is located in the central-eastern part of the country, in the valley of the Zerafshan River, which flows west from the northern foot of the Pamir Plateau. Population: 371,800 (2001 estimate), 538,211 (2019 estimate). It is a transportation hub with an airport, railways, and main roads. Industries such as silk, wool, leather, agricultural machinery, chemical fertilizers, building materials, and food are thriving. It is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, with buildings from the 14th and 15th centuries remaining. The city is divided into two parts: the old town and the new town, which developed into a modern city after the Russian Revolution (1917). It is home to a comprehensive university and is, along with Tashkent, the economic and cultural center of Uzbekistan. It is also blessed with historical sites and a warm climate, and is a constant source of tourists all year round. In 2001, it was registered as a World Heritage Site (World Cultural Heritage).

Samarkand Oblast has an area of ​​16,400 square kilometers and a population of 2,704,500 (2001 estimate). The average temperature is -0.3 to -0.9°C in January and 25 to 30°C in July, and the annual precipitation is 200 to 400 mm. As a result, the flora is mostly desert-like. Industry is centered on agricultural product processing, with fruit and meat processing thriving. Machinery manufacturing plants are concentrated in Samarkand and Kattakurgan (population 67,800, 2001 estimate). Traditional crafts such as carpets, wood carvings, and goldwork are also produced.

[Shuji Yamashita]

history

It was established around 500 BC as an oasis city in Sogdiana. The ancient main district was the Afrasiab Hill, which borders the northeast of the present city of Samarkand. It was first recorded in literature as Marakanda, occupied by Alexander the Great during his eastern expedition. It was one of the central districts of the Sogdian people, and was known in Chinese historical documents from the 5th century onwards as Simanjin and Satsojin, and was also called Kangguo. In the 6th century it was ruled by the Western Turks, and after being captured by the Arab general Qutayba in 714 it became an Islamic city, becoming one of the central cities of the Samanid, Kara-Khanid, Seljuk and Khwarezmshah dynasties, and flourished as the largest center of Islamic academic culture and trade relaying between the East and the West. In 1220, it was captured by the Mongolian Genghis Khan's invading army, but was soon rebuilt. It became the capital of the Timurid Empire in the 15th century, and current buildings such as Gur-i-Mir, Bibi Khanum, and Shah-i-Zinda were built there. In 1500, it was occupied by the Shaybanid dynasty, and after its demise, the Bukhara Khanate was established, with Bukhara as its capital, so Samarkand's political status declined somewhat. In 1868, it was occupied by Imperial Russia, and in 1925 it became the capital of the Uzbek Republic, but in 1930 Tashkent became the new capital.

[Toru Saguchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ウズベキスタン、サマルカンド州の州都。同国の中東部にあり、パミール高原北麓(ほくろく)から西流するゼラフシャン川の河谷に位置する。人口37万1800(2001推計)、53万8211(2019推計)。交通の要地で、空港があり、鉄道、幹線道路も通じる。絹、毛織物、皮革、農業機械、化学肥料、建築材料、食品などの工業が盛ん。中央アジアでもっとも古い都市の一つで、14~15世紀の建造物が残されている。旧市街と、ロシア革命(1917)後、近代都市に発展した新市街地とからなり、市を二分している。総合大学があり、タシケントと並んでウズベキスタンの経済・文化の中心地である。また史跡と温暖な気候に恵まれ、一年中観光客が絶えない。2001年には世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。

 サマルカンド州は面積1万6400平方キロメートル、人口270万4500(2001推計)。平均気温は1月零下0.3~零下0.9℃、7月25~30℃、年降水量は200~400ミリメートルである。したがって大部分が砂漠的な植物相である。産業は農産物の加工が中心で、果樹や肉類の加工業が盛ん。機械製造工場はサマルカンドとカッタクルガンКаттакурган/Kattakurgan(人口6万7800、2001推計)に集中している。じゅうたん、木彫、金細工などの伝統工芸品もつくられている。

[山下脩二]

歴史

ソグディアナのオアシス都市として紀元前500年ごろに成立した。古代の主要街区は現サマルカンド市の北東に接するアフラシアブの丘である。ここはアレクサンドロス大王が東征中、占領したマラカンダとして初めて文献に記録された。ソグド人の中心地区、粟特(ソグド)国の一つで、5世紀以降の中国の史書には悉万斤(しつまんきん)、颯秣建(さつまつけん)の名で知られ、別に康(こう)国ともよばれた。6世紀には西突厥(にしとっけつ)に支配され、714年にアラブの将軍クタイバに攻略されてからイスラムの都市となり、サーマーン朝、カラ・ハン朝、セルジューク朝、ホラズムシャー朝の中心都市の一つとなり、イスラムの学芸文化、東西中継商業の最大の中心地として繁栄した。1220年モンゴルのチンギス・ハンの侵入軍に攻略されたが、まもなく復興した。15世紀のティームール帝国の首都となり、グール・イ・ミール、ビービー・ハヌム、シャー・イ・ジンダなどの現存する建築物が建てられた。1500年シャイバーニー朝に占領され、その滅亡後に興ったブハラ・ハン国はブハラ市を首都としたので、サマルカンドの政治的地位はやや低下した。1868年帝政ロシアに占領され、1925年ウズベク共和国の首都となったが、1930年にタシケントが新首都となった。

[佐口 透]

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