Zakkya - Zakkya

A school in the classification of academic subjects in old China. It began when the Book of Han's Art and Literature section divided the ancient schools of thought into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Ming, Mo, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Farming, and Novels (based on Liu Xin's Qilues from the end of the Western Han period). This term first appeared in the Records of the Grand Historian's Han Anguo Biography, so it was used in the early Western Han period, but at that time there was no group with a specific claim called the Zakkya. The Zakkya was named for those who did not have their own theory like Confucianism or Taoism, but instead mixed and blended the various theories of those schools to form their own philosophy. The Book of Han, Art and Literature, records 20 works as Zakkha, including Kongjia Panyu, Dayu, and Sizi, but today only two remain: Lüshi Chunqiu and Huainanzi. Both are ambitious encyclopedias that attempted to open up a new era by integrating and unifying various ideas, and Ban Gu also commented that "the Zakkha school... combines Confucianism and ink, and combines name and law." In later generations, many things that were not enough to start a family were included in the Zakkha, so the Zakkha came to have an extremely wide range of content.

[Ikeda Tomohisa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

旧中国の学問分類における一派。『漢書(かんじょ)』芸文志(げいもんし)が古代の思想諸学派を儒(じゅ)・道(どう)・陰陽(いんよう)・法・名(めい)・墨(ぼく)・縦横(しょうおう)・雑・農・小説の十家に分けたのに始まる（前漢時代末の劉歆(りゅうきん)『七略(しちりゃく)』に基づく）。このことばは『史記』韓安国伝(かんあんこくでん)に初出するので、前漢の初期には使われていたが、当時特定の主張をもった集団が雑家として存在していたわけではない。儒家・道家などのような独自の学説をもたず、それら諸家の学説のあれこれを雑(まじ)え折衷して自己の思想を構成したものに名づけたのである。『漢書』芸文志には雑家として『孔甲盤盂(こうこうばんう)』『大禹(たいう)』『尸子(しし)』など20種が記録されているが、今日『呂氏春秋(りょししゅんじゅう)』と『淮南子(えなんじ)』の2種だけが伝わる。両者は諸思想の総合・統一によって新時代を切り開こうとした意欲的な百科全書といってよく、班固(はんこ)も「雑家者流は……儒・墨を兼ね名・法を合(がっ)す」と評した。なお、後世になると、一家をたてるに足りないものを多く雑家に入れたので、雑家はきわめて広い内容をもつに至った。

［池田知久］

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