Seat reservation system - Reservation system

Japanese: 座席予約システム - ざせきよやくしすてむ
Seat reservation system - Reservation system

It is a computer-based system for reserving seats and issuing reserved tickets for public transportation such as trains, airplanes, and buses. This article focuses on trains.

The sale of reserved seats on Japanese railways can be traced back to 1900 (Meiji 33), when sleeper trains were first operated. At the time, reserved seats were only sold at the starting station. Full-scale sales of reserved seats began in October 1950 (Showa 25), when Japan National Railways (now JR) attached special second-class cars (now Green Cars) to limited express trains and offered reserved seats, in line with the timetable revision. Tickets were sold manually by station staff at the ticket counter, who checked the sales ledger over the phone with ticket allocation offices located at bases around the country.

Later, to cope with the increase in the number of trains, JNR developed a seat reservation system called MARS (short for Magnetic electric Automatic Reservation System), which was a pioneer of computerized online information systems. In February 1960, 12 terminals installed at Tokyo Station, Ueno Station, etc. were connected to the computer at the Tokyo Ticket Allocation Office. At first, it only had a reservation function, and reserved tickets were issued at the stations. In 1964, MARS 101, which added fare calculation and automatic ticket issuing functions, was put into operation, making it possible to greatly increase the number of limited express trains, including the Shinkansen. After many improvements, MARS 501, a comprehensive sales system for railways (Multi Access Reservation System) that also includes reservation functions for hotels and rental cars, currently processes 1 million reserved seats per day. In addition, it is now possible to reserve seats by push-button phone or over the Internet. In addition, JR calls the seat reservation window "Midori no Madoguchi (Green Window)." Private railways that operate express trains with reserved seating also develop and operate their own seat reservation systems, and in some cases connect them to travel agency systems.

Similar systems have been introduced in foreign railways as high-speed trains have become more widespread. Some of these systems, such as the seat reservation system "Socrates" (later developed into the advanced version Les Arails 2000) of the French National Railways (SNCF), have a function that varies the fare depending on the day of the week and the time of day. Systems are also being integrated to provide a variety of services.

[Yoshihiko Sato]

"The Mystery of 'Mars' Supporting the Green Window" by Kazuki Sugiura (2005, Soshisha)

[Reference] | Online System

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

鉄道、航空機、バスなど公共交通機関の座席を予約して、指定席券を発行するコンピュータを使ったシステムである。ここでは鉄道について記す。

 日本の鉄道における指定券の発売は1900年(明治33)に寝台列車が初めて運転されたときにさかのぼることができる。当時は、始発駅のみの発売だった。本格的な指定券発売は、1950年(昭和25)10月の時刻改正にあわせ、国鉄(現JR)が特急列車に特別二等車(現在のグリーン車)を連結して、座席指定を行ったのが始まりである。指定券の発売は窓口の駅員によって、全国の拠点に設置された乗車券割当事務所との電話連絡で、発売台帳を確認しながら、手作業で行われた。

 その後、列車数の増加に対応するため、国鉄は、コンピュータによるオンライン情報システムの先駆けである座席予約システム「マルス(MARS。Magnetic electric Automatic Reservation Systemの略)」を開発し、1960年2月に東京駅や上野駅などに設置した12台の端末が、東京乗車券割当事務所のコンピュータと結ばれた。最初は予約機能のみで、指定券の発券は駅で行っていた。1964年に運賃・料金の計算と自動発券機能を付加したマルス101形が稼動し、新幹線をはじめとする特急列車の大増発を可能にした。幾多の改良が重ねられ、現在ではホテルやレンタカーなどの予約機能も含めた、鉄道に関する総合的な販売システム(Multi Access Reservation System)であるマルス501形が、1日当り100万の指定席を処理している。さらに、プッシュホンやインターネットによる座席指定も可能となった。なお、JRでは座席予約の窓口を「みどりの窓口」とよんでいる。座席指定制有料特急を運行している私鉄もそれぞれの座席予約システムを開発、運用し、旅行会社のシステムと接続しているケースもある。

 国外の鉄道でも、高速鉄道の普及と軌を一にして、同様のシステムが導入されている。それらのなかには、フランス国鉄(SNCF)の座席予約システム「ソクラテス(その後、発展型のレザラーユ2000を開発)」のように、曜日と時間帯によって、指定料金を変動させる機能をもつものもある。また、システムどうしの結合も行われ、多様なサービスが提供されている。

[佐藤芳彦]

『杉浦一機著『みどりの窓口を支える「マルス」の謎』(2005・草思社)』

[参照項目] | オンラインシステム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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