Principle of least action

Japanese: 最小作用の原理 - さいしょうさようのげんり(英語表記)principle of least action
Principle of least action

This is the principle that the trajectory (path of movement in time) of an object's motion is determined so that a quantity called action (or action integral) is minimized. It is one of the fundamental principles of physics. It is also known as Maupertuis' principle of least action, as it was proposed by Maupertuis in 1744. When the constraints are independent of time and the potential energy U is independent of speed or time, if T is kinetic energy, then the integral of 2T from time t1 to t2 is called the action integral, and this principle states that the trajectory of motion is determined so that this variation becomes zero. Expressed as a formula,

This was later refined by Euler and Hamilton, evolving into Hamilton's principle (Hamilton's principle of least action), which states that motion is determined so that the variation of the Lagrangian L = T - U is zero. This principle serves as a guiding principle not only in analytical mechanics, but also in research into Maxwell's electromagnetism, Einstein's theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and more. Fermat's principle is the optical version of this principle.

[Masashi Yamamoto February 18, 2022]

[References] | Potential energy | Kinetic energy | Euler | Hamilton | Hamilton's principle | Fermat's principle | Maxwell | Maupertuis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体の運動は作用(または作用積分)という量が最小になるように軌道(時間的移動経路)が決まるという原理。物理学の基礎原理の一つである。1744年にモーペルチュイにより提案されたことから、モーペルチュイの最小作用の原理ともよぶ。束縛条件が時間によらず、位置エネルギーUが速度や時間に依存しない場合、Tを運動エネルギーとすると、2Tを時刻t1からt2まで積分したものを作用積分とよび、この変分が0になるように運動の軌道が決まるという原理である。式で表すと

となる。のちにオイラー、ハミルトンにより洗練され、LTUというラグランジアンの変分が0になるように運動が決まるという、ハミルトンの原理(ハミルトンの最小作用の原理)に進化した。この原理は解析力学のみならず、マクスウェルの電磁気学、アインシュタインの相対性理論、量子力学などの研究において、指導指針となっている。この原理の光学版がフェルマーの原理である。

[山本将史 2022年2月18日]

[参照項目] | 位置エネルギー | 運動エネルギー | オイラー | ハミルトン | ハミルトンの原理 | フェルマーの原理 | マクスウェル | モーペルチュイ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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