Precession - Small motion

Japanese: 歳差運動 - さいさうんどう
Precession - Small motion

This is the phenomenon where, when a rigid body undergoes rotational motion, the axis of rotation undergoes periodic motion when an external force moment is added. For example, when a top tries to fall over due to gravity and the moment of gravity is added, the axis of the top undergoes a "miso grinding motion," which is a type of precession. In the case of a rigid body, the change in time of the angular momentum vector L is equal to the force moment vector N. This is similar to Newton's equation of motion F = dP / dt , which states that the change in time of the momentum vector P is equal to the force vector F in the case of a point mass. All we have to do is map P to L and F to N.

Therefore, if we consider the circular motion of a mass point, this corresponds to precession in a rigid body. In the circular motion of a mass point, if left as is, the gravitational force F will pull the mass point toward the center, but as it rotates, a change in P occurs, and a force (inertial force) that opposes this force is generated, and the forces are balanced. In the same way, if a force moment N is applied from the outside to a rotating rigid body, it will become unstable (a top would fall over), but a new force moment is generated due to the change in angular momentum vector L over time, and the balance is achieved. The change in L corresponds to the change in the axis of rotation, and this is what causes precession. Precession appears not only in the miso-grinding motion of tops, but also in various other fields, such as the "entanglement" of a yo-yo, changes in the axis of rotation of celestial bodies (precession), and the fluctuation of the axis of rotation of atomic nuclei in a magnetic field.

[Yoshihiko Otsuki]

[Reference] | Circular motion | Rotational motion | Precession

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

剛体が回転運動をしているとき、外力のモーメントが付け加えられると、その回転軸が周期運動をする現象をいう。たとえば、こまが、重力によって倒れようとするとき重力のモーメントが加わると、こまの回転軸は「みそすり運動」をするが、これは歳差運動の一種である。剛体の場合、角運動量ベクトルLの時間的変化が力のモーメントのベクトルNに等しい。これは、質点の場合の、運動量ベクトルPの時間的変化は力のベクトルFに等しいというニュートンの運動方程式FdP/dtに似ている。PLに、FNに対応づければよい。

 したがって、質点の円運動を考えると、これは、剛体では歳差運動に対応する。質点の円運動では、そのままでは引力Fによって質点は中心に引き込まれるが、回転をすることによってPの変化が生じ、この力に逆らう力(慣性力)が発生し、力がつり合う。これと同じように、回転している剛体に外から力のモーメントNが付け加わると、そのままでは不安定になるが(こまなら倒れてしまう)、角運動量ベクトルLの時間的変化によって、新たな力のモーメントが発生し、つり合う。Lの変化が回転軸の変化に対応づけられ、歳差運動となるわけである。歳差運動は、こまのみそすり運動ばかりでなく、ヨーヨーの「からみつき」、天体の自転軸の変化(歳差)、磁場中での原子核の自転軸の変動など、いろいろな分野に現れる。

[大槻義彦]

[参照項目] | 円運動 | 回転運動 | 歳差

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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