Born April 14, 1950 in Stanton, Virginia. Francis Sellers Collins is an American geneticist who discovered genes that cause genetic diseases and led the Human Genome Project (HGP) as the head of a research consortium at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). He was homeschooled by his mother and showed an interest in science from an early age. After graduating from the University of Virginia in 1970, he received his master's and doctorate from Yale University in 1974 and his medical doctorate from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1977. In 1984, he became an associate professor at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. In 1989, he announced that he had identified the gene that causes cystic fibrosis. In 1990, he discovered the gene that causes neurofibromatosis, a genetic disease in which tumors grow inside the nerves. In 1993, he identified the gene that causes Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disease. In 1993, he left the University of Michigan to become director of the National Human Genome Institute (NHGRI) at the NIH, a position he held until 2008. On June 26, 2000, Collins, former NIH official and president of biotechnology company Celera Genomics J. Craig Venter, and U.S. President Bill Clinton announced the completion of a rough deciphering of the human genome DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence through public-private collaboration. Detailed analysis was completed in April 2003, and the HGP was terminated. After being confirmed as NIH director by the Senate, Collins was appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Benedict XVI in October 2009. Collins
Collins, William Born: 25 December 1721, Chichester, Sussex
Died June 12, 1759, Chichester, Sussex. English poet. Son of a wealthy milliner who served as Mayor of Chichester, he studied at Winchester College before going on to Oxford University. While at university he published Persian Eclogues (1742). After graduating he went to London and published Odes (47). These included such masterpieces as the famous Ode to Evening, Ode Written in the Year 1746, and Ode to Simplicity. Although the collection sold poorly, he played a pioneering role in breathing a new romantic breeze into the poetry of the second half of the 18th century. His most romantic work, Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland (49), was published posthumously in its original manuscript form. He became mentally ill in his later years and returned to his hometown to be cared for by his sister Anne until his death. Collins
Collins, Michael Born: October 16, 1890, Clonakilty, Cork
Died August 22, 1922. Irish politician from near Cork. Born into a wealthy farming family, he became a civil servant in 1906 and lived in London. In 1909, he joined the Irish Republican Alliance (IRB). In 1916, he returned to Ireland and fought under General P. Pearce during the Easter Rising in April of that year. He was captured, but released in December of the same year. In 1918, he was elected to the British Parliament as a member of the Sinn Féin party. Together with other Sinn Féin members, he founded the Irish National Assembly in Dublin and declared the establishment of the Irish Republic. In 1918, he became Home Secretary in that government, and in 1919, he became Minister of Economy. Furthermore, as the commander of the newly established Irish Republican Army (IRA), he engaged in anti-British guerilla activities, causing trouble for the British authorities. In 1921, he played an active role with A. Griffith in the conclusion of the Anglo-Irish Treaty to establish the Irish Free State. He became Prime Minister when the Irish Free State government was formally established in 1922, but he became embroiled in internal conflict with extremists and was assassinated by extremists on his way back to Cork from Munster, the IRA's base of rebellion. Collins
Collins, Michael Born October 31, 1930, Rome. American astronaut. Pilot of the command module of Apollo 11, which made the first successful moon landing on July 20, 1969. Graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1952 and became a test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base. In 1963, he was selected as one of the third class of astronauts. In July 1966, he boarded Gemini 10 with John W. Young, orbiting the Earth 43 times, docking with the target Agena satellite, and performing a spacewalk. During the first moon landing, he remained in the command module while astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin were working on the lunar surface, and made various observations while orbiting the moon. After returning to Earth, he retired from astronaut duties and became Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs in 1969. In 1971, he became director of the National Air and Space Museum, and from 1978 he served as Under Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. (→ Project Gemini, Project Apollo) Collins
Collins, Anthony Born: June 21, 1676. Heston
[Died] December 13, 1729. London. British deist and free thinker. After graduating from Cambridge University, he was greatly influenced by his friendship with J. Locke. As a free thinker, his ideas were unorthodox, but he was neither atheistic nor agnostic. He rejected the distinction between what is beyond reason and what is against reason, and believed that God's revelation should correspond to the idea of God that humans inherently possess. He also advocated a free interpretation of the Bible, and in philosophy, he advocated determinism from a position of necessity. He also believed that the human soul is material and not immortal, and he debated with S. Clarke on this point. His major works include A Discourse of Free-Thinking (1713) and Inquiry concerning Human Liberty and Necessity (15). Collins
Collins, (William) Wilkie Born: January 8, 1824, London
[Died] September 23, 1889. London. British novelist. He studied at Lincoln Law School, but devoted himself to historical novels and painting, and moved to Paris. In 1851, he became acquainted with C. Dickens and published his works in the magazine edited by Dickens. The influence of Collins is clearly seen in the suspenseful plots of this senior writer's works such as A Tale of Two Cities. His representative work, The Woman in White (1860), has a mysterious plot and includes unforgettable characters such as Count Fosco, the epitome of a brilliant villain. The Moonstone (68), said to be the first British detective novel, does not emphasize deduction as much as Poe's works, but it introduced the world to a humanized detective, Inspector Cuff, who liked roses, and the theme of the curse of a stolen jewel was later used in many of his works. Collins
Collins, Henry Bascom, Jr. Born April 9, 1899 in Geneva, Alabama
[Died] October 21, 1987.
American anthropologist. A leading figure in the Smithsonian Institution's anthropology department. Since 1927, he has devoted himself to academic research in the far north, including Alaska and Canada. He is well known as an outstanding researcher into the origins and lineage of the Eskimo. In 1936, he was awarded the gold medal by the Royal Danish Academy in recognition of his achievements. His major works are "The Origin and Antiquity of the Eskimo" (1951) and "Archaeological Work in Arctic Canada" (57). Collins
Collins, Joseph Lawton Born: May 1, 1896 in New Orleans, USA
[Died] September 12, 1987, Washington DC, USA
American Army officer. During World War II, as commander of the 7th Army, he landed in Normandy, captured Cherbourg, broke through the Siegfried Line and advanced to the Ruhr, and was the first Allied force to contact the Soviet army across the Elbe River, having advanced from the west. He was promoted to general in 1948 and served as Chief of Staff of the Army from 1949 to 1953. Collins
Collins, John Churton [Born] 1848
[Died] 1908
A British literary scholar, he worked to have English literature recognized as an official subject at Oxford University. In addition to The Study of English Literature (1891), he edited and published many other works. Collins
Collins, José Born: 1887
[Died] 1958
British actress and singer. Daughter of music hall entertainer L. Collins. As a singer with a beautiful voice, she mainly appeared in halls and musicals in the UK and the US. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
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