It is an animal of the order Primates, family Crenata. It is also called the Great Crenata. Some consider it to be in the same genus Pan as chimpanzees. Together with the two chimpanzees, it makes up the African great apes. There are two subspecies: the lowland gorilla G. g. gorilla , which is found in lowland rainforests in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea, while the mountain gorilla G. g. beringei , which lives in the mountain forests of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), southwestern Uganda, and northern Rwanda. [Junichiro Itani] formIt is the largest species of extant primate, with males weighing over 200 kilograms, and mountain gorillas are particularly large. There is a marked difference between the sexes, with females weighing about half as much as males. Males are over 2 meters tall. Adult males have a silvery white back and belly, and are called silverbacks. In addition, a high protuberance develops along the sagittal crest, a bony protrusion on the top of the head. These characteristics are also more pronounced in mountain gorillas. The body color of mountain gorillas is jet black, while that of Teichi gorillas is dark brown. The ear shells are small. The nose is low, with well-developed nostrils and large nostrils. They have 32 teeth, the same as humans, but males' canines are powerful and have a noticeable gap between their teeth. The internal volume of the skull is over 500cc in males and about 450cc in females, a much larger volume than the 100cc of the gibbon, a small ape. The brain-to-body weight ratio in male gorillas is 1:420, compared with 1:47 in humans. [Junichiro Itani] EcologyFemales reach sexual maturity at age 8, while males reach age 9. At this age, the fur on their backs begins to turn white, and they become fully silverbacked at age 11-13. They give birth for the first time at age 10, have a gestation period of 255 days, and give birth to one child at a time, with birth intervals of about 4 years. They have both arboreal and terrestrial lifestyles, but tend to be more terrestrial. Their tendency to depend on the ground becomes more pronounced with age, due in part to their weight, and adult males in particular rarely build beds in trees. They tend to be very picky eaters, and their staple diet consists of fibrous foods such as the leaves and stems of wild celery and other herbaceous plants, bamboo shoots, and the petioles of tree ferns. There is no record of them eating insects or animals. Mountain gorillas live on herbaceous plants in moist mountain forests or subalpine zones at 2,000-4,000 meters above sea level, while Teichi gorillas depend on herbaceous plants with a high moisture content in the forest edges of lowland rainforests and secondary forests. Groups have been recorded with 2 to 40 individuals, but the average is 11 individuals, and are basically composed of one male and two females. Groups have a range of 20 to 40 square kilometers, and although there is a large overlap with the ranges of neighboring groups, the social relationships between groups are extremely strict. In addition to these groups, there are also solitary males. Groups are highly cohesive, and do not show the same tendency as chimpanzees to disperse and reunite. Solitary males set their sights on young females in the group who are carrying their first newborn and kill the newborn. The females leave their natal group in pursuit of the males, and the original unit group consisting of the first two individuals is born. Dian Fossey, who observed this phenomenon, called it kidnapping of females by males. The males continue to kidnap and increase the size of the group by breeding within the group. In this way, the group size reaches more than 20 individuals in the male's later years. In such a group, two to four silverbacks may be found, one of whom is the patriarchal male and the rest are his sons. However, when the patriarchal male dies, the females are absorbed into a neighboring group or taken by a solitary male, and the group disintegrates. In this way, gorilla society is made up of groups that are not inherited by a single male, and solitary males. The societies of the three African ape species, in which females move between groups, are structured in contrast to the matriarchal societies of Cercopithecus monkeys. Gorillas are usually quiet animals, but when they become nervous, they beat their chests with both hands (drumming), making noises that can be heard over long distances. Males also make threat calls with explosive intensity. George Schaller has recorded 22 different sounds. Both subspecies are at risk of extinction and are highly protected. Long-term observations are being carried out in Karisoke, Rwanda. [Junichiro Itani] "Mountain Gorillas, Volumes 1 and 2, by George Schaller, translated by Masanobu Fukuya (1979, Shisosha) " "Gorillas: In Search of Pre-Human Society, by Kinji Imanishi (1960, Bungeishunju Shinsha) " "Gorilla Expedition Chronicles, by Masao Kawai (1961, Kobunsha)" Distributed in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, etc. It lives in rainforests and feeds mainly on leaves and stems of herbaceous plants and leaf stalks of tree ferns that contain a lot of moisture. Its body color is dark brown, and the back and belly of adult males become silvery white (silverback). It is also called the lowland gorilla. It is about 160 cm tall and weighs about 140 kg (male). ©Shogakukan "> Teichi Gorilla (Lowland Gorilla) ©Kimura Shuji "> Major species of monkeys (Anthropoids) [Specimens... Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
哺乳(ほにゅう)綱霊長目ショウジョウ科の動物。オオショウジョウ(大猩々)ともよばれる。チンパンジーと同じチンパンジー属Panに含める立場もある。2種のチンパンジーとともにアフリカ大形類人猿African great apesを構成する。2亜種があり、テイチゴリラ(lowland gorilla)G. g. gorillaは、カメルーン、コンゴ、ガボン、赤道ギニアなどの低地多雨林に分布するのに対し、マウンテンゴリラ(mountain gorilla)G. g. beringeiは、コンゴ民主共和国(旧ザイール)東部、ウガンダ南西部、ルワンダ北部の山地林に生息する。 [伊谷純一郎] 形態現生霊長目中の最大種で、雄は体重200キログラム以上に達し、とくにマウンテンゴリラは大きい。性差が著しく、雌の体重は雄の約2分の1である。雄の身長は2メートルを超す。大人の雄の背から腹にかけては銀白色になり、シルバーバックとよばれる。また、頭頂の矢状稜(しじょうりょう)とよばれる骨の突起に沿って高い隆起が発達する。それらの特徴もマウンテンゴリラのほうに著しい。体色は、マウンテンゴリラは漆黒、テイチゴリラは暗褐色である。耳殻は小さい。鼻は低く、鼻翼が発達し、鼻孔は大きい。歯の数は32本でヒトと同じであるが、雄の犬歯は強大で、歯隙(しげき)が目だつ。頭蓋(とうがい)内容量は雄が500cc以上、雌は約450ccであり、小形類人猿であるテナガザルの100ccに比し格段の開きがある。ゴリラの雄の脳と体重の比は1対420、ヒトのそれは1対47である。 [伊谷純一郎] 生態雌は8歳で性的成熟に達するが、雄では9歳で、このころから背中の毛が白くなり始め、完全なシルバーバックになるのは11~13歳といわれている。初産年齢は10歳、妊娠期間は255日で、1産1子、出産間隔は約4年である。樹上、地上両様の生活様式をもつが、より地上性に傾いている。地上依存の傾向は、体重との関係もあって年齢とともに顕著になり、とくに大人の雄はめったに樹上にベッドをつくることはない。偏食の傾向が強く、野生のセロリなど草本の葉や茎、タケノコ、木生シダの葉柄など繊維の多い食物を主食とする。昆虫や動物を食べたという記録はない。マウンテンゴリラは海抜2000~4000メートルの湿潤な山地林または亜高山帯の草本に、テイチゴリラは低地多雨林の林縁や二次林の水分を多く含んだ草本類に依存して生活している。 集団は2頭から40頭余までの記録があるが、平均は11頭で、単雄複雌の構成を基本とする。集団は20~40平方キロメートルの遊動域をもち、近隣の集団の遊動域とは大幅な重複をみせるが、集団間の社会関係はきわめて厳しい。このような集団のほかに単独行動をする雄がいる。集団は凝集性が高く、チンパンジーのような離合集散性は認められない。単独行動をする雄は、集団内の初産の新生子を抱いている若い雌に目をつけ、その新生子を殺す。雌は加害者である雄を追って生まれ育った出自集団を離れ、最初の2頭からなる単位集団が誕生する。この現象を観察したフォッシーDian Fosseyは、雄による雌の誘拐(キッドナッピング)とよんだ。雄はさらに誘拐を重ね、集団内の繁殖をも加えて集団のサイズを大きくしてゆく。このようにして雄の晩年には集団サイズは20頭以上にも達する。このような集団には、2~4頭のシルバーバックが認められることがあるが、そのなかの1頭が家父長的な雄で、あとはその息子である。しかし、その家父長的な雄の死とともに、雌たちは近隣の集団に吸収され、あるいは単独行動をする雄に奪われて、集団は崩壊する。このようにゴリラの社会は、雄1代限りで継承されることのない集団と、単独行動をする雄からなっている。アフリカの類人猿3種の社会は、いずれも雌が集団間を移籍するという点は、母系的なオナガザル類の社会とは対照的な構造だといわなければならない。 ゴリラは通常はもの静かな動物であるが、緊張すると両手で胸をたたき(ドラミング)、遠距離まで届く音をたてる。また雄の外敵への威嚇の声は爆発的な激しさをもつ。シャラーGeorge Schallerは22種の音声を記録している。両亜種とも絶滅が心配され、厳重に保護されている。ルワンダのカリソケKarisokeでは長期観察が続けられている。 [伊谷純一郎] 『ジョージ・シャラー著、福屋正修訳『マウンテンゴリラ』上下(1979・思索社)』▽『今西錦司著『ゴリラ――人間以前の社会を追って』(1960・文芸春秋新社)』▽『河合雅雄著『ゴリラ探検記』(1961・光文社)』 カメルーン、コンゴ、ガボン、赤道ギニアなどに分布。多雨林にすみ、水分を多く含んだ草本の葉や茎、木生シダの葉柄などを主食とする。体色は暗褐色で、大人の雄の背から腹にかけては銀白色(シルバーバック)になる。ローランドゴリラともいう。身長約160cm、体重約140kg(雄)©Shogakukan"> テイチゴリラ(ローランドゴリラ) ©木村しゅうじ"> サルのおもな種類(ヒトニザル類)〔標本… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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