Paleosoil - Kodojo

Japanese: 古土壌 - こどじょう
Paleosoil - Kodojo

Soil that was formed in geologically ancient times. On the present earth's surface, there is soil that is being formed under the present climate, vegetation, topography, and other environments. However, if there is a place where the past earth's surface is buried underground, there should be soil that was formed under the past environment on the buried surface. Here, the present and past refer to geological time. If the past environment was the same as the present, the past soil would be considered simply buried soil, but various soils that are thought to have formed in environments different from the present climate in response to the climate changes from the middle to the end of the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era have been discovered, and they have come to be called paleosols in contrast to modern soils. They are the same as what was once called fossil soil. The most important paleosoil is the red-yellow soil that remains in temperate regions. In Japan, on the Shimosueyoshi surface (a topographical surface formed during the last interglacial period at the end of the Quaternary Period and now a plateau), red-yellow soils (including their weathered crusts, i.e., remnants of the upper part of the soil profile eroded away) formed during the warm period from the middle of the interglacial period to just before the last glacial period are found. They are also found on the same level surfaces in the Tokai and Hokuriku regions westward as paleosols remaining on present-day terrace surfaces, and on hill surfaces from even older periods. Many of these are covered by a thin layer of brown or yellowish-brown topsoil on the surface, and the paleosols themselves are buried. On the other hand, paleosols that would have formed in the cold climate of the glacial period have hardly been discovered. The study of paleosols is significant in that it allows us to infer the various environments of land in the geological past through the changes in soil formation.

[Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe]

[Reference] | Red and yellow soil | Soil

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地質学的にみて古い時代に生成された土壌。現在の地表には、現在の気候、植生、地形などの環境のもとに生成されつつある土壌がある。しかし地下に過去の地表面が埋没しているところがあれば、その埋没地表には過去の環境下で生成した土壌が認められるはずである。ここで現在あるいは過去といっているのは、地質学的時間のことである。過去の環境が現在と同じであれば、過去の土壌は単なる埋没土とみなされるが、新生代第四紀中~末期にかけての気候変化に対応して、現在の気候と違う環境で生成したと考えられる種々の土壌が発見されており、それらを現成土壌に対して古土壌paleosolとよぶことになった。かつて化石土fossil soilと称したものと同じである。古土壌としてもっとも重要視されるのは温帯地方に残存する赤黄色土(せきおうしょくど)である。日本では下末吉(しもすえよし)面(第四紀末の最後の間氷期に形成され現在台地をなす地形面)に、間氷期中ごろから最終氷期の直前までの温暖期に生成した赤黄色土(その風化殻すなわち土壌断面の上部を侵食された残骸(ざんがい)をも含めて)がそれで、現在の段丘面に残る古土壌としてとくに東海、北陸以西の同位面、およびそれより古期の丘陵面にも確認される。それらの多くは現地表に褐色または黄褐色の表土が薄く覆い、古土壌自体は埋没した形になっている。一方、氷期の寒冷気候下に生じたはずの古土壌は、ほとんど発見された例がない。古土壌の研究は、土壌生成の変遷を通じて、地質時代の過去における土地の諸環境を推論することに意義がある。

[浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子]

[参照項目] | 赤黄色土 | 土壌

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