A field of study that focuses on lakes. Lakes have had a deep connection with people since ancient times through fishing, transportation, and water utilization, but it was only at the end of the 19th century that they became the subject of scientific research. Limnology is a science that integrates the fields of geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and other subjects related to lakes. Of these, freshwater biology was the first to be studied relatively early. Later, American researchers EA Birge and SA Forbes added physical and chemical environmental surveys and analyses to their research on freshwater organisms, suggesting that each lake develops its own unique environment and ecosystem. Forbes suggested that each lake, independent of the outside world, is a microcosm. In Europe, Swiss author F. A. Forel attempted to systematize limnology by conducting a comprehensive study of Lake Geneva and writing a textbook on general limnology. It is believed that limnology as a comprehensive science began with Forel. Lake research in Japan was started in 1899 (Meiji 32) by Tanaka Akamaro. Tanaka surveyed lakes and ponds throughout Japan and wrote many books. In 1931 (Showa 6), the Japanese Society of Limnology was founded thanks to the efforts of Yoshimura Shinkichi and others. In lakes and rivers, the state of water is determined by the interaction of many factors, including water flow, water volume, water quality, living organisms, lake bottom sediments, and natural and human activities along the coast and in the river basin. Therefore, water research requires a comprehensive perspective. Although limnology is the study of limnology in the narrow sense, it is more accurate to interpret it as the study of limnology, including lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Limnology and limnology are also important sciences that serve as the basis for improving water pollution and preserving ecosystems. [Tadashi Arai] "History of Limnology" by Masuzo Ueno (1976, Baifukan) " ▽ "Dictionary of Land Water" edited by the Japanese Society of Limnology (2006, Kodansha) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
湖沼を研究対象とする学問。湖沼は大昔から漁業、交通、水利などを通して、人々と深いかかわり合いをもってきたが、それが科学研究の対象となったのは19世紀末からである。湖沼学は、湖沼に関する地学、物理学、化学、生物学などの諸分野を総合した科学である。これらの諸分野のうち、比較的早く研究が開始されたのは、淡水生物学であった。その後、アメリカのバージE. A. Birge、フォーブスS. A. Forbesらは、淡水生物の研究に物理・化学環境の調査、分析を加え、それぞれの湖に特有な環境と生態系が発達することを示唆した。フォーブスは、外界から独立した湖沼は、それぞれが微小宇宙であるという考えを示した。ヨーロッパでは、スイスのF・A・フォーレルが、レマン湖の総合研究や一般湖沼学の教科書を著し、湖沼学の体系化を試みた。総合科学としての湖沼学は、フォーレルに始まると考えられている。 日本の湖沼研究は、田中阿歌麿(あかまろ)によって1899年(明治32)に開始された。田中は日本各地の湖沼を調査し、多くの著作を残した。1931年(昭和6)には、吉村信吉(しんきち)らの努力によって日本陸水学会が結成された。 湖沼や河川では、水の流動、水量、水質、生物、湖底堆積(たいせき)物、沿岸および流域の自然と人間活動など、多くの要因が関連して水の状態がつくられている。それゆえ水の研究には総合的な視野が要求される。なお、リムノロジーlimnologyは狭義には湖沼学であるが、湖沼、河川、地下水を含めた陸水学と解釈するほうが実態にあっている。湖沼学や陸水学は、水域汚染の改善や生態系保全の基礎としても重要な科学になっている。 [新井 正] 『上野益三著『陸水学史』(1976・培風館)』▽『日本陸水学会編『陸水の事典』(2006・講談社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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