A machine that artificially dries harvested grains. When harvested at the right time, rice and wheat have a remaining moisture content of about 24% and 28%, respectively. To improve storage and maintain quality, rice and wheat need to be dried to 15% and 12.5%, respectively. If rice with a moisture content of 20% is left piled up, it will develop mold within four hours, so drying after harvest is a very important task. In the past, rice was harvested from the base and left to dry naturally in the field before being threshed, but with the spread of combine harvesters that thresh during harvesting (since 1970), by 1999 (Heisei 11), 92% of farmers were using grain dryers. Natural drying of rice can take more than a month depending on the weather and topography, but artificial drying can dry rice anywhere in the country in about 12 hours. Moreover, there is little variation in moisture content, making it possible to produce uniform grains. Drying methods involve blowing room temperature or heated air onto the grains that have been piled evenly, and most methods use heated air for ventilation. Heated air is a mixture of hot air produced by burning fossil fuels such as kerosene and outside air, and is ventilated. Rapid drying at excessively high temperatures can cause cracks in the grains and deterioration of lipids and starch, so the temperature of the heated air is 40 to 50°C, depending on the outside temperature, and the drying speed is around 0.8% per hour. There are three types of dryers: static dryers, which do not move the grains, circulating dryers, which have a mechanism for circulating the grains, and continuous feed dryers, which continuously feed grains and discharge the dried grains. In Japan, static dryers were developed in 1953, but as the capacity of combine harvesters improved, it became necessary to dry large amounts of rice in a small installation area, so circulating dryers were developed independently. As a result, the proportion of circulating dryers is very high. Circulating dryers are becoming more automated, and drying is controlled by monitoring with various sensors such as moisture meters and thermometers. They also have a full range of safety devices such as wind pressure sensors and earthquake sensors. In Japan, far-infrared dryers that utilize radiant heat transfer, which had been researched since before the Second World War, were put to practical use in 1998, and as of 2013, these dryers accounted for approximately 40% of the market. An improved version of a circulation dryer, it converts 35-55% of the heat from kerosene combustion into far-infrared radiation and irradiates it, while also utilizing exhaust heat, resulting in more than 10% energy savings compared to models that use only heated air. In addition to these, there are also mixed dryers that use dried rice husks as a moisture adsorbent, dehumidifying dryers that blow dehumidified air using air conditioning equipment, and dryers that use rice husk combustion furnaces instead of kerosene, but all of these are for use in country elevators and are in limited supply. Incidentally, the unit of measurement used to indicate the processing capacity of a grain dryer is koku, a unit of the shakkanho system. In this case, 1 koku = 100 kilograms. For example, a "60 koku dryer" means a dryer that can process 6 tons of grain. [Yasuyuki Hidaka] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
収穫した穀物の乾燥を人工的に行う機械。適期に収穫した穀物には、水分が米で24%、小麦で28%程度残っており、貯蔵性向上や品質の保持のために、米で15%、小麦で12.5%まで乾燥させる必要がある。水分20%の米を堆積(たいせき)したまま放置しておくと4時間でカビが発生するため、収穫後の乾燥は非常に重要な作業である。かつては株元から刈り取って、圃場(ほじょう)で自然乾燥させたのちに脱穀していたが、刈取り時に脱穀を行うコンバインの普及(1970年以降)により、1999年(平成11)には92%の農家が穀物乾燥機を利用するに至った。 米の自然乾燥は天候や地形の影響を受け1か月以上かかる場合もあるが、人工乾燥では全国どこでも12時間程度で乾燥できる。しかも水分のばらつきも少なく、均質な穀物生産が可能となる。乾燥方法としては、均平に堆積された穀物に常温または加熱された空気を送る方法がとられ、加熱空気を通風するものがほとんどである。加熱空気は灯油等の化石燃料を燃焼した熱風を外気と混合し通風する。過度な高温による急速乾燥は、穀粒に亀裂が入る胴割れ(どうわれ)や、脂質、デンプンの変質を招くため、加熱空気の温度は外気温度にもよるが40~50℃で、乾燥速度は毎時0.8%前後である。 構造には、穀物を動かさない静置式乾燥機、穀物を循環させる機構を持つ循環式乾燥機、穀物を連続的に供給し乾燥されたものを連続的に排出する連続送り式乾燥機がある。日本では1953年(昭和28)に静置式乾燥機が開発されたが、コンバインの能力向上とともに狭い設置面積で大量の米を乾燥させる必要が生じてきたため、循環式乾燥機が独自開発されてきた。そのため、循環式乾燥機の割合が非常に多い。循環式乾燥機は自動化が進められ、水分計、温度計等の種々のセンサーでモニタリングしながら乾燥制御が行われている。また、風圧センサーや耐震センサー等の安全装置も充実している。 また日本では、第二次世界大戦前から研究されてきた輻射伝熱(ふくしゃでんねつ)を利用した遠赤外線乾燥機が、1998年に実用化され、2013年(平成25)の時点で市場の約4割がこの乾燥機に入れ替わっている。循環式乾燥機を改良したもので、灯油の燃焼熱の35~55%を遠赤外線に変換して照射するとともに排熱も利用するため、加熱空気だけのものに比べ、10%以上省エネルギーである。 このほかに、乾燥した籾殻(もみがら)等を水分吸着剤として利用する混合乾燥機、空調機器を利用して除湿した空気を送風する除湿乾燥機、灯油のかわりに籾殻燃焼炉を用いた乾燥機もあるが、いずれもカントリーエレベーター用で台数は少ない。 ちなみに、穀物乾燥機の処理能力を示す単位には、尺貫法の単位である「石(こく)」を用いる。この場合「1石=100キログラム」である。たとえば、「60石の乾燥機」といえば「6トンの穀物が処理できる乾燥機」を表す。 [日高靖之] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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