State funeral

Japanese: 国葬 - こくそう
State funeral

A funeral held by the state as a national ceremony at the state's expense. Before World War II, in 1926 (Taisho 15), the state funeral decree was enacted to codify previous precedents and customs, and state funerals were divided into two types: those held by law and those held by special order. The former included the funerals of the Emperor, the Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, and the Empress, and the funerals of the Crown Prince, the Crown Princess, the Crown Prince's Son, the Crown Princess, the Regent Prince, the Princess, the King, and the Queen (excluding the death of the Crown Prince or the Crown Prince's Son under the age of 7). Those held by special order were funerals of those who had made great contributions to the nation, or those who had been specially ordered by the Imperial Court at the time of their death, and included members of the Imperial family. On the day of the state funeral, the Imperial Court was abolished, government offices and schools were closed, singing, dancing, and music were stopped or refrained from, and the entire nation was in mourning, so that the state funeral would be solemnly sent off. State funerals were held in the Shinto style, and the funeral administration was handled by a national institution. Prior to the Second World War, following the quasi-state funeral of Okubo Toshimichi in 1878 (Meiji 11), eight members of the Imperial family and twelve ordinary citizens were given state funerals by special order: Iwakura Tomomi (1883), Shimazu Hisamitsu (1887), Sanjo Sanetomi (1891), Prince Arisugawa Taruhito (1895), Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa (1895), Mori Motonori (1896), Shimazu Tadayoshi (1897), Prince Komatsu Akihito (1903), Ito Hirobumi (1909), Prince Arisugawa Takehito (1913), and Oyama Iwao (1916). Tokujunomiya Yi Tao Hee (1919), Yamagata Aritomo (1922), Prince Fushiminomiya Sadayoshi (1923), Matsukata Masayoshi (1924), Prince Yi Changdeokgung (1926), Togo Heihachiro (1934), Saionji Kinmochi (1940), Yamamoto Isoroku (1943), and Prince Kan'innomiya Kotohito (1945). After the war, there were no explicit provisions for state funerals, except for the Imperial Household Law, which stipulates the state funerals for the Emperor. Upon the death of former Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida on October 20, 1967 (Showa 42), an extraordinary cabinet meeting decided to hold the first postwar state funeral at the Nippon Budokan on October 31. Furthermore, on February 24, 1989 (Heisei 1), the funeral of Emperor Showa was held at Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden.

[Shigeyoshi Murakami]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国が国家の儀式として、国費で行う葬儀。第二次世界大戦前には、1926年(大正15)従来の先例・慣例を法制化して国葬令が制定され、国葬は、法定上行われるものと、特旨によるものの2種とされた。前者は、天皇、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后の大喪儀と、皇太子、同妃、皇太孫、同妃、摂政(せっしょう)たる親王、内親王、王、女王の喪儀(7歳未満の皇太子、皇太孫の死去は除く)である。特旨によるものは、国家に大きな功労のあった者と、死に際してとくに勅旨のあった者の葬儀で、皇族も含まれていた。国葬当日は廃朝で、官庁と学校は休み、歌舞音曲は停止または遠慮し、全国民は喪に服し、国葬を厳粛に送ることとされた。国葬は神道(しんとう)式で行われ、葬儀の事務は国の機関が担当した。第二次世界大戦前、特旨により国葬が行われた者は、1878年(明治11)の大久保利通(としみち)の準国葬以後、次の皇族8名、一般人12名である。岩倉具視(ともみ)(1883)、島津久光(ひさみつ)(1887)、三条実美(さねとみ)(1891)、有栖川宮熾仁親王(ありすがわのみやたるひとしんのう)(1895)、北白川宮能久(よしひさ)親王(1895)、毛利元徳(1896)、島津忠義(1897)、小松宮彰仁(あきひと)親王(1903)、伊藤博文(ひろぶみ)(1909)、有栖川宮威仁(たけひと)親王(1913)、大山巌(いわお)(1916)、徳寿宮李太王煕(とくじゅのみやりたいおうき)(1919)、山県有朋(やまがたありとも)(1922)、伏見宮貞愛(ふしみのみやさだなる)親王(1923)、松方正義(まさよし)(1924)、昌徳宮李王(しょうとくのみやりおうせき)(1926)、東郷平八郎(1934)、西園寺公望(さいおんじきんもち)(1940)、山本五十六(いそろく)(1943)、閑院宮載仁(かんいんのみやことひと)親王(1945)。戦後は、「皇室典範」で天皇の大喪儀を定めている以外は、国葬の明文規定はない。1967年(昭和42)10月20日、元首相吉田茂の死去に際して、臨時閣議の決定によって、10月31日、日本武道館で戦後最初の国葬が行われた。また89年(平成1)2月24日、昭和天皇の大喪の礼が新宿御苑で行われた。

[村上重良]

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