Five Remarks - Gokan (English spelling) Wǔ jiàn

Japanese: 五諫 - ごかん（英語表記）Wǔ jiàn

Five ways to admonish a monarch in China. In an autocratic government, the monarch's will tends to be unilateral, so in order to correct this, subjects need to admonish in accordance with the monarch's feelings. The five admonishments are based on the legend that Confucius said, "There are five types of admonishment," and there are various theories about their content. According to Liu Xiang's Shuoyuan, they are: direct admonishment (to admonish directly), downward admonishment (to admonish after following the monarch's words), loyal admonishment (to admonish with sincerity), unrepentant admonishment (to admonish with naivety), and indirect admonishment (to admonish in a roundabout way).

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国で君主をいさめる五つの方法。専制政治では君主の一方的な意志に終わりがちであるので，これを是正するために君主の心情に応じた臣下の諫言が必要となる。五諫は孔子が〈諫に五あり云々〉と述べたという伝えによるもので，その内容には諸説がある。劉向《説苑》によれば，正諫(正面からいさめる)，降諫(いったん君主の言に従ったうえでいさめる)，忠諫(真心を表していさめる)，戇（とう）諫(愚直をもっていさめる)，諷諫(遠まわしにいさめる)をいう。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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