A society in which the proportion of elderly people in the total population is increasing. In general, in population statistics, elderly people are often defined as those aged 65 or older, but sometimes those aged 60 or older are also considered elderly. In this article, we will refer to those aged 65 or older as elderly people. The degree of aging in society is expressed by the proportion of the population aged 65 or over in the total population (aging rate). It is also called the elderly population ratio. In the 1947 census, the elderly population in Japan was just under 4 million, accounting for only 4.8% of the total population. By 1960, the number had risen to just over 5 million, but the aging rate was only 5.7%. From the late 1960s, the elderly population began to gradually increase, reaching just over 7 million in 1970, and the aging rate exceeded 7% for the first time in the history of Japanese demographic statistics. Research on the demographic transition process (demographic change from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths) has revealed that once the aging rate exceeds this 7% level, it will increase rapidly, and it is believed that around 1970, Japan's population aging began. After that, the aging of the population progressed rapidly, with the elderly population reaching 10 million and the aging rate reaching 8.9% in 1979, 20 million and 16.2% in 1998, and 29 million and 23.1% in 2010. One of the factors behind this is the large increase in birth numbers from the Taisho era through to the early Showa era, and the decline in death rates (longer life expectancy). In 1947 (Showa 22), average life expectancy was 50.1 years for men and 54.0 years for women, but by 2010 (Heisei 22), this had risen dramatically to 79.6 years for men and 86.4 years for women. A rapid increase in the elderly population of 600,000 to 900,000 people per year began in the 1990s, but this reflects the aging effect of people born during the high fertility periods of the Taisho and early Showa eras. It can be said that the increase in Japan's elderly population was prepared in the past. Looking at future trends in the elderly population, the results of future population projections by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research show that the population will exceed 30 million in 2012, when the "baby boomer generation," a large postwar birth cohort born between 1947 and 1949, begins to turn 65. By 2014, when they will all be 65 or older, the elderly population will reach just under 33 million, but the rate of increase is expected to gradually slow, with the population expected to enter a gradual downward trend in the 2040s. On the other hand, the trend in the aging rate is completely different. It is estimated that it will continue to rise to 30.0% in 2024 and 40.5% in 2055, and one in every 2.5 people will be elderly. The total fertility rate (hereafter referred to as the birth rate), which supports stable population reproduction, is approximately 2.07, but the emergence of a low-birth-rate society that is significantly lower than that (1.39 in 2010) has resulted in a shrinkage in the population supply for the next generation. The size of the productive-age population aged 15 to 64 peaked at 87.17 million in 1995 (Heisei 7), and has continued to decline since then, to 86.22 million in 2000 and 80.73 million in 2010. As the population of the younger generation continues to decline, even if the increase in the elderly population stagnates from around 2020, the rise in the aging rate will not be stopped. In the future, Whether Japan will become a super-aged society with an aging rate of 40% depends on the future direction of the birth rate. For this reason, family policies, including measures to combat the declining birthrate in social security, are extremely significant. Thanks to the implementation of family policies, developed European countries have overcome a period of declining birthrates, and birthrates in many countries have now reversed and are rising. According to future population projections by the United Nations, the aging rate in France in 2050 will be 24.9% (birth rate in 2009: 1.99), 23.6% in the UK (1.94), and 30.9% in Germany (1.36), showing the large impact that differences in birthrate trends have on aging. The progress of an aging society increases the demand for medical care, which is essential for living a healthy and fulfilling life, and places a heavy burden on securing medical resources, expenses, medical service provision systems, out-of-pocket expenses for recipients, and insurance benefits for insurers (health insurance associations, etc.). It is also necessary to expand social support systems to cope with the increase in the number of elderly people requiring nursing care. This will have a major impact on pension insurance, elderly welfare services, and continued employment benefits for the elderly. For example, the total amount of social security benefits was 3.5239 trillion yen in 1970 (Showa 45), but by 2008 (Heisei 20), it had increased 26.7 times to 94.0848 trillion yen. The decline in the workforce in an aging society is increasing the population onus, putting pressure on government finances and creating a situation that may lead to an increase in the burden on the working generation and a decline in medical and welfare services. Therefore, it is an urgent task to reconstruct a sustainable social security system, such as promoting employment for the elderly and realizing a gender-equal society. [Takahashi Shigego] "Modern Demography - Basic knowledge about low birthrates and an aging society" by Ato Makoto (2000, Nippon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "World Population" by Kono Toshika (2000, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Basic knowledge about the aging society in the 21st century - What is a low birthrate and aging society?" edited by Okazaki Yoichi et al., edited by the Center for Aging Research (2002, Chuohoki Publishing)" ▽ "Demography of low birthrates" edited by Obuchi Hiroshi and Hashishige Satoru (2004, Hara Shobo)" ▽ "Invisible disparities in an aging society with low birthrates - The future of gender, generations and classes" by Shirahase Sawako (2005, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Japan's future population projections - Estimates for December 2006" edited by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2007) ▽ Kyogoku Takanobu and Hashishige Satoru (eds.), Understanding Japan's Declining Population Society: Aging and Low Birthrates Seen from the Latest Data (2008, Chuohoki Publishing) ▽ Tsuya Noriko and Higuchi Yoshio (eds.), Declining Population and the Japanese Economy: The Future of Labor, Pension, and Medical Systems (2009, Nikkei Publishing) ▽ Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare supervised, Health, Labor, and Welfare White Paper, various years' editions (Gyosei) ▽ Cabinet Office compiled, Aging Society White Paper, various years' editions ▽ United Nations World Population Prospects; The 2010 Revision (2011) [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
総人口に占める高齢者人口の割合が高まっていく社会をいう。一般的に人口統計では、高齢者を65歳以上と定義することが多いが、60歳以上を高齢者とする場合もある。本項では65歳以上を高齢者として述べる。 総人口に占める65歳以上人口の割合(高齢化率)によって社会の高齢化の程度を表す。老年人口割合とよぶこともある。 日本の高齢者人口は、1947年(昭和22)の国勢調査では400万人弱で、総人口の4.8%に過ぎなかった。1960年には500万人強となったが、高齢化率は5.7%にとどまっていた。1960年代後半から徐々に高齢者人口は増加を始め、1970年には700万人強に達し、高齢化率が日本の人口統計史上初めて7%を超えた。この7%という水準を超えると高齢化率は急速に上昇していくことが、人口転換過程(多産多死から少産少死への人口動態変化)の研究から明らかにされており、1970年前後が日本の人口高齢化の始まった時期であるとみられている。その後、1979年に高齢者人口1000万人高齢化率8.9%、1998年(平成10)に同2000万人で同16.2%、2010年(平成22)同2900万人で同23.1%となるなど、人口高齢化は急速に進んだ。 この要因の一つとして、大正から昭和初期にかけての出生数の大規模な増加と、死亡率の低下(長寿化)があげられる。1947年(昭和22)の平均寿命は男性50.1年、女性54.0年であったが、2010年(平成22)は男性79.6年、女性86.4年と飛躍的に伸びた。年間60~90万人という急速な高齢者人口の増加は1990年代から始まったが、これは大正、昭和初期の多産時代に生まれた人々の加齢効果が反映されたものである。日本の高齢者人口の増加は過去に用意されていたといえる。 今後の高齢者人口の動向を、国立社会保障・人口問題研究所の将来推計人口の結果からみると、戦後の大規模出生集団である1947(昭和22)~1949年生まれの「団塊の世代」が65歳になり始める2012年には、3000万人を超える。彼らがすべて65歳以上となる2014年には、高齢者人口は3300万人弱に達するが、増加はしだいに鈍くなり、2040年代に入ると緩やかな減少傾向に入るものとみられている。 一方、高齢化率の趨勢(すうせい)はまったく様子が異なる。2024年に30.0%、2055年には40.5%へと持続的に上昇を続け、2.5人に一人が高齢者になると推計されている。人口再生産を安定的に支える合計特殊出生率(以下出生率とよぶ)はおよそ2.07であるが、それを大きく下回る(2010年で1.39)低出生率社会が出現した結果、次世代の人口供給規模が縮小した。15歳から64歳の生産年齢人口規模は1995年(平成7)に8717万人とピークに達し、2000年に8622万人、2010年に8073万人と、その後減少し続けている。若者世代の人口減少が進むので、2020年前後から高齢者人口の増加が停滞化しても、高齢化率の上昇に歯止めがかからないことになる。 今後は、 日本が高齢化率40%という超高齢化社会になるかどうかは、今後の出生率の行方にかかっている。それゆえ、社会保障における少子化対策を含む家族政策のもつ意味は極めて大きい。欧州先進諸国は、家族政策の展開により一時期の少子化を脱し、多くの国々で出生率は反転上昇してきている。国連の将来人口推計によると、フランスの2050年の高齢化率は24.9%(2009年の出生率1.99)、イギリスは23.6%(同1.94)、ドイツが30.9%(同1.36)と、出生率動向の違いが高齢化へ及ぼす影響の大きさを示している。 高齢化社会の進展は、健康的で豊かな暮らしを営むために必要不可欠な医療需要を増大させ、医療資源の確保や経費、医療サービス提供体制、受給者の窓口負担ならびに保険者(健康保険組合など)の保険給付等に大きな負担を強いることになる。また、要介護老人の増加に対する社会的支援制度の拡充も必要である。年金保険・老人福祉サービス・高齢者雇用継続給付などへの影響も大きい。たとえば社会保障給付費の総額は、1970年(昭和45)では3兆5239億円であったが、2008年(平成20)では94兆0848億円と26.7倍になっている。 高齢化社会の支え手(働き手)人口の減少により、人口負荷(population onus)が高まり、政府の財政を圧迫し、現役世代への負担の増加や医療・福祉サービスの低下につながらないとも限らない状況を生み出しつつある。したがって、高齢者雇用の促進や男女共同参画社会の実現など、持続可能な社会保障の仕組み再構築が喫緊の課題である。 [髙橋重郷] 『阿藤 誠著『現代人口学――少子高齢化の基礎知識』(2000・日本評論社)』▽『河野稠果著『世界の人口』(2000・東京大学出版会)』▽『岡崎陽一ほか監修、エイジング総合研究センター編著『21世紀高齢社会の基礎知識――少子・高齢社会とは』(2002・中央法規出版)』▽『大淵 寛・橋重郷編著『少子化の人口学』(2004・原書房)』▽『白波瀬佐和子著『少子高齢社会のみえない格差――ジェンダー・世代・階層のゆくえ』(2005・東京大学出版会)』▽『国立社会保障・人口問題研究所編『日本の将来推計人口――平成18年12月推計』(2007)』▽『京極高宣・橋重郷編『日本の人口減少社会を読み解く――最新データからみる少子高齢化』(2008・中央法規出版)』▽『津谷典子・樋口美雄編『人口減少と日本経済――労働・年金・医療制度のゆくえ』(2009・日本経済新聞出版社)』▽『厚生労働省監修『厚生労働白書』各年版(ぎょうせい)』▽『内閣府編『高齢社会白書』各年版』▽『United NationsWorld Population Prospects ; The 2010 Revision(2011)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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