A right that has the effect of preventing the exercise of a claim. It is also called a counter right in the sense of defending against the exercise of a right. However, it is different from a defense as a type of attack and defense method under the Civil Procedure Law. Defence rights are divided into postponed and permanent. The former, such as the right to simultaneous performance (Article 533 of the Civil Code), the right to demand by the guarantor (Article 452 of the Civil Code), and the right to search (Article 453 of the Civil Code), function to temporarily block the effect of the claim by refusing performance. The latter function to permanently block the effect of the claim by refusing performance, but the question remains as to whether such a right of defense can be recognized under Japanese Civil Code. The right of defense can be exercised extrajudicially and in court against the extrajudicial and in-court exercise of the claim. There is also a theory that the right of defense is not time-barred (permanence of the right of defense). In the case of a joint guarantee, the guarantor cannot have a right of demand or a right of search against the obligee (Article 454 of the Civil Code). [Takahisa Awaji] [Reference] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
請求権の行使に対してその作用を阻止することのできる効力をもつ権利。権利の行使に対する防御という意味で反対権ともいう。ただし、民事訴訟法上の攻撃防御方法の一種としての抗弁とは異なる。 抗弁権は延期的抗弁権と永久的抗弁権とに区別される。前者は、たとえば、同時履行の抗弁権(民法533条)、保証人の催告の抗弁権(同法452条)および検索の抗弁権(同法453条)などであり、一時的に履行を拒絶して請求権の効力を一時的に阻止する機能を果たす。後者は、永久的に履行を拒絶して請求権の効力を阻止する機能を果たすが、日本の民法上このような抗弁権を認めうるかについては、問題が残されている。抗弁権の行使は、請求権の裁判外および裁判上の行使に対して、同じく裁判外および裁判上において行使されうる。また、抗弁権は時効にかからないとする学説がある(抗弁権の永久性)。なお、連帯保証の場合には、保証人の債権者に対する催告の抗弁権や検索の抗弁権は認められない(民法454条)。 [淡路剛久] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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