A weather chart used to analyze atmospheric conditions in the upper atmosphere. Usually, an isobaric weather chart is used. This is used to analyze the altitude, temperature, wind speed, humidity (amount of water vapor) and other information for a specific isobaric surface in the upper atmosphere, and data is mainly obtained from radiosonde observations. An isobaric surface is a surface of equal air pressure. Isobaric surfaces spread almost horizontally with slight undulations, and overlap vertically, with the air pressure lower at the top. Isobaric surfaces bulge upward in areas of high pressure and dent downward in areas of low pressure. Therefore, by drawing the contour lines of an isobaric surface, the air pressure distribution at the height near where the isobaric surface exists can be determined. Isobaric weather charts are usually made at 850 hectopascals (corresponding to an altitude of about 1.5 km), 700 hectopascals (about 3 km above), 500 hectopascals (5-6 km above), and 300 hectopascals (about 9 km above), and sometimes at 200 hectopascals (about 12 km above), 100 hectopascals (about 16 km above), 30 hectopascals (about 24 km above), and 10 hectopascals (about 30 km above). Upper air weather charts are used for weather forecasting and are also used directly for aircraft navigation. Data obtained from meteorological satellites is also used in the analysis of upper air weather charts. [Atsushi Kurashima and Takashi Aoki] "Drawing Upper Air Weather Charts, by Maruyama Taketo (1986, Shinsosha Publishing)" ▽ "How to Use Upper Air Weather Charts - How to Read Upper Air Weather Charts in Practical Practicality," by Otsuka Ryuzo, edited by the Japan Weather Association (1998, Climb Meteorological Book Publishing Division)" ▽ "How to Read Weather Charts for Weather Forecasting, by Shimoyama Norio (1998, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Introduction to Synoptic Meteorology, by Ogura Yoshimitsu (2000, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Knowledge of Upper Air Weather and FAX Charts, by Fukuchi Akira (2001, Seizando Bookstore)" ▽ "Illustrated Encyclopedia of How Meteorology and Weather Works, supervised by Aoki Takashi (2009, Seibido Publishing)" [Reference] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
上空の大気の状態を解析するための天気図。通常、等圧面天気図が用いられる。これは上空の特定の等圧面について、その高度、気温、風速、湿度(水蒸気量)などを解析するもので、データは主としてラジオゾンデ観測によって得られたものを使う。等圧面とは気圧の等しい面をいう。等圧面はわずかに起伏しながらほぼ水平に広がっており、鉛直方向には幾重にも重なり合って、上方の等圧面ほど気圧は低い。等圧面は高気圧のところで上方に膨れ上がり、低気圧のところで下方にへこんでいる。したがって等圧面の等高線を描くと、その等圧面の存在する付近の高さの気圧分布がわかる。通常、850ヘクトパスカル(高度約1.5キロメートルに相当)、700ヘクトパスカル(約3キロメートル上空)、500ヘクトパスカル(5~6キロメートル上空)、300ヘクトパスカル(約9キロメートル上空)の等圧面天気図がつくられ、200ヘクトパスカル(約12キロメートル上空)、100ヘクトパスカル(約16キロメートル上空)、30ヘクトパスカル(約24キロメートル上空)、10ヘクトパスカル(約30キロメートル上空)の等圧面天気図がつくられることもある。高層天気図は天気予報に利用されるほかに、航空機の運航に直接利用される。気象衛星から得られたデータも高層天気図の解析に用いられている。 [倉嶋 厚・青木 孝] 『丸山健人著『高層天気図を描く』(1986・新草出版)』▽『大塚龍蔵著、日本気象協会編『高層天気図の利用法――実地に即した高層天気図の見方』(1998・クライム気象図書出版部)』▽『下山紀夫著『気象予報のための天気図のみかた』(1998・東京堂出版)』▽『小倉義光著『総観気象学入門』(2000・東京大学出版会)』▽『福地章著『高層気象とFAX図の知識』(2001・成山堂書店)』▽『青木孝監修『図解 気象・天気のしくみがわかる事典』(2009・成美堂出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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