Aviation Agreement - Air Transport Agreement

It includes all agreements on commercial aviation rights between countries, but it is usually used to refer to bilateral agreements (such as the Japan-US Air Services Agreement). Among the "freedom of the air," (1) the freedom of overflight and (2) the freedom of technical landing were mutually recognized by the signatories of the International Air Services Transit Agreement adopted at the Chicago Civil Aviation Conference in 1944, but (3) the freedom to unload passengers and cargo loaded in one's own country in another country, (4) the freedom to load passengers and cargo in another country for one's own country, and (5) the freedom to load and unload passengers and cargo between the other country and a third country could not be agreed upon through multilateral negotiations, and in the end, bilateral agreements had to be concluded through aviation negotiations between countries that wanted to allow their own aircraft to fly into their own countries. In 1946, an air services agreement called the Bermuda Agreement was concluded between the United States and the United Kingdom. This agreement was based on the principle of equality, and allowed freedom in the use of aircraft and the number of flights as long as equal opportunity, fair fares, and transportation capacity appropriate to transportation demand were maintained. In the movement towards deregulation of aviation in the 1990s, many countries are trying to allow greater freedom in operation and transportation while still maintaining the broad framework of bilateral agreements, although the degree of this varies depending on the policy of each country. Furthermore, against the backdrop of this movement, the form of international air transportation is about to change significantly. With major American airlines at the core, airline groups are being formed across borders, and as a result, the situation is changing from the previous situation in which the government took the lead in determining the basics of transportation capacity and services through aviation agreements to one of competition between groups.

Multilateral international aviation agreements and treaties include the International Air Carriage Convention concluded in 1929, the Convention on International Civil Aviation concluded in 1944, and the International Air Services Transit Agreement which came into force in 1945. Additionally, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, and the International Air Transport Association (IATA), an international association of air transport companies, also hold discussions on fares and services.

[Akira Akiba]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

国際間における商業航空権についてのすべての取決めを含むが、通常は二国間協定（日米航空協定など）をさして用いられる。「空の自由」freedom of the airのうち、(1)上空通過の自由、(2)技術着陸の自由については、1944年シカゴ民間航空会議で採択された国際航空業務通過協定の加盟国相互で認められたが、(3)自国内で積み込んだ客貨を他国で下ろす自由、(4)他国で自国向けの客貨を積み込む自由、(5)相手国と第三国との間で客貨の積み込み・積み下ろしを行う自由、については多数国交渉ではまとまらず、結局、自国の航空機を乗り入れさせたい国相互による航空交渉を通じて、二国間協定を締結しなければならなくなった。1946年アメリカ合衆国とイギリスとの間にバーミューダ協定とよばれる航空協定が締結された。この協定は平等主義の原則にたち、機会均等、適正運賃、輸送需要に適応する輸送力などが保たれている限り、使用機材、便数は自由とするものであった。1990年代の航空規制緩和の動きのなかで、それぞれの国の方針によって程度は異なるが、基本的には二国間協定の枠組みの大枠は維持しながら、その運用にあたっては大幅に自由な運航と運送とを認めていこうとする国が多くなっている。また、このような動きを背景に、国際航空輸送の形態が大きく変わろうとしている。アメリカの主要航空会社を核として、国境を越えての航空会社のグループ化が進み、その結果、これまでのように政府が前面に出て航空協定により輸送力、サービスの基本を定めていた状態から、グループ間の競争に変わりつつある。

　なお、多国間の国際航空協定・条約としては、1929年締結の国際航空運送条約、1944年締結の国際民間航空条約、1945年発効の国際航空業務通過協定がある。また、国連の専門機関である国際民間航空機関（ICAO(イカオ)）や航空運送業者の国際団体である国際航空運送協会（IATA(イアタ)）においても、運賃やサービスなどについて協議が行われる。

［秋葉　明］

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