Aircraft crew - Aircraft crew

Japanese: 航空機乗組員 - こうくうきのりくみいん
Aircraft crew - Aircraft crew

A person who performs aviation duties on board an aircraft (Article 69 of the Aviation Act). Divided into pilots, navigators, flight engineers, and flight radio operators, they are generally called flight crew (cockpit crew). In a broader sense, this includes cabin crew. Sometimes, both are collectively called crew members. They have duties and qualifications such as "piloting an aircraft" and other duties such as "handling the engine and airframe," "operating radio equipment," and "measuring the aircraft's position and heading, and calculating navigational data" (Articles 65 and 66 of the Aviation Act).

The scope of work for each qualification is determined by the aviation personnel competency certificate (Article 28 of the Aviation Act). In addition to the four types of pilots, the competency certificates for aircraft crew members include first and second class aviation officers, flight engineers, air radio operators, first and second class aircraft maintenance engineers, first and second class aircraft flight maintenance engineers, and aircraft factory maintenance engineers. In addition to an aviation medical certificate, aircraft crew members must obtain an instrument flight certificate, a pilot instructor certificate, and an aviation English proficiency certificate, if necessary.

Aircraft crew members work to provide safe flight services and comfortable in-flight services, and restrictions and limitations are incorporated into the regulations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Japan's Aviation Law, each airline's flight regulations, and some labor-management agreements. In particular, they work irregular 24-hour shifts with time differences, and health management includes restrictions on drinking before flight, drug use, injections, and diving. In addition, each airline sets restrictions on work that are not clearly stated in the Aviation Law, based on flight hours, working hours, number of takeoffs and landings, route, experience, and formation. Aircraft crew members are guaranteed allowances and benefits for special tasks and work. The co-pilot is paid an allowance equivalent to about 70% of the captain's flight allowance, and the cabin crew is paid an allowance equivalent to about 20% of the captain's flight allowance. In addition, the wages and working conditions of foreign pilots fluctuate depending on the job supply and demand and the market.

[Masahiro Matsushita]

"The Path to Becoming an Aviation Professional, 2nd Revised Edition (1981, Seizando Bookstore), supervised by the Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Transport and edited by Shoji Sumita" ▽ "The Path to Becoming a Pilot or Mechanic, supervised by the Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Transport (1989, Seizando Bookstore)" ▽ "All Nippon Airways, ed., "Airline Handbook Q&A 100 - Basic Knowledge of the Aviation Industry" (1995, Gyosei)"

[References] | Flight attendant | Airman | Aviation law | Pilot | Airplane

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

航空機に乗り組んで航空業務を行う者をいう(航空法69条)。操縦士(パイロット)、航空士、航空機関士、航空通信士に分けられ、一般に運航乗務員(コックピット・クルー)という。広義には客室乗務員を含む。また両者をあわせて乗員(クルー)という場合もある。「航空機の操縦」と操縦以外の「発動機及び機体の取扱」「無線設備の操作」「航空機の位置及び針路の測定並びに航法上の資料の算出」の業務と資格がある(航空法65条・66条)。

 航空従事者技能証明によって、資格別にその業務範囲が定められている(航空法28条)。航空機乗組員の技能証明には、4種の操縦士のほかに一~二等航空士、航空機関士、航空通信士、一~二等航空整備士、一~二等航空運航整備士、航空工場整備士がある。航空機乗組員は航空身体検査証明のほか、必要のある場合、計器飛行証明、操縦教育証明、航空英語能力証明を取得しなければならない。

 航空機乗組員は安全運航サービスと快適な機内サービスのため作業しており、国際民間航空機関(ICAO(イカオ))の規定、日本の航空法や各社の運航規程をはじめ、一部は労使協定などのなかに制限や制約が織り込まれている。とくに、時差のある24時間変則勤務をしており、健康管理については、乗務前の飲酒の制限、薬品の使用制限、注射の制限などから、潜水についても制限をつけている。また航空法には明確になっていない部分の勤務についての制限を、各社とも飛行時間、勤務時間、離着陸回数、路線、経験や編成などにより決めている。航空機乗組員は特殊な業務や勤務に対し手当や福利厚生面で保障されている。機長の乗務手当の約7割相当の手当が副操縦士に支給され、また客室乗務員へは機長の約2割相当の乗務手当が支給されている。また外国人パイロットの賃金と労働条件は、求人需給・市場によって変動している。

[松下正弘]

『運輸省航空局監修、住田正二編『航空従事者への道』新訂2版(1981・成山堂書店)』『運輸省航空局監修『パイロット・整備士への道』(1989・成山堂書店)』『全日本空輸編『エアラインハンドブックQ&A100――航空界の基礎知識』(1995・ぎょうせい)』

[参照項目] | 客室乗務員 | 航空従事者 | 航空法 | パイロット | 飛行機

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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