Tax cut - Genzei

Japanese: 減税 - げんぜい
Tax cut - Genzei

A reduction in tax burden by lowering tax rates, increasing deductions, expanding the scope of tax exemptions, raising the tax exemption point, etc. Tax cuts are divided into price adjustment tax cuts, which are implemented to adjust the tax burden in line with price increases, and substantial tax cuts, which are implemented to substantially reduce the tax burden. In addition, a tax cut whose effect applies to all taxpayers of that tax category, such as a reduction in the income tax rate, is called a general tax cut, while a tax cut that only applies to taxpayers in a specific category, such as the tax cut under Japan's Special Taxation Measures Act, is called a policy tax cut.

The most common tax cuts implemented in Japan after the Second World War were general cuts to income tax (national tax) and individual inhabitant tax (local tax), which were price-adjusted cuts to deal with postwar inflation. Since progressive tax rates are applied to income tax and individual inhabitant tax, when nominal income rises due to inflation, a higher tax rate is applied and the tax burden increases, even if real income remains unchanged. Price-adjusted cuts are tax cuts that adjust for this automatic increase in tax burden caused by price increases and maintain the same real tax burden for the same real income as before. To make this adjustment, measures such as lowering the tax rate applied to the same nominal income, raising various income deductions, and raising certain types of tax credits are necessary. Price-adjusted cuts are also necessary for taxes to which proportional tax rates are applied. This is because in many cases, a minimum taxable income is set to protect low-income earners, and if this minimum taxable income is not raised in line with price increases, it will lead to a real tax increase.

Effective tax cuts are implemented when the intention is to reduce a public sector that has expanded too much relative to the overall economy. If the tax cut is made up for with bond revenues, public spending cannot be reduced, but Sweden and other Nordic countries have also reduced the size of the public sector by cutting public spending in line with tax revenues. According to fiscal policy theory, cutting taxes while keeping government spending constant has the effect of increasing disposable income in the private sector, raising consumption and expanding effective demand. However, compared to the case of government purchases of goods and services, such as the expansion of public works, part of the income is lost from effective demand in the form of savings, so the effect of creating effective demand through tax cuts is smaller even for the same amount.

In the United States, after the Reagan administration came to power in 1981, it adopted the idea of ​​supply-side economics, which emphasizes supply over demand. It believed that heavy taxation was a major cause of the stagnation of the American economy, and sought to reduce government spending while increasing savings by reducing income taxes. It also sought to stimulate capital investment and increase productivity by reducing taxes on corporate activity, such as by cutting corporate taxes and expanding investment tax deductions.

As globalization progresses, the top marginal tax rates for personal and corporate income have been significantly reduced in recent years in various countries around the world. However, modern welfare states have huge fiscal needs, and when one tax is reduced, other taxes must be increased to secure the necessary fiscal revenues.

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

税率の引下げ、諸控除の引上げ、非課税範囲の拡大、免税点の引上げなどにより、租税負担額を軽減すること。減税は、物価上昇に伴う租税負担の調整のために行われる物価調整減税と、租税負担の実質的軽減を図るために行われる実質的減税とに区分される。また、所得税の税率引下げのように減税効果がその税目の納税者全体に及ぶものを一般減税とよび、日本の租税特別措置法による減税のように特定の分野の納税者だけを対象とするものを政策減税とよんでいる。

 第二次世界大戦後日本においてもっとも頻繁に実施された減税は、所得税(国税)や個人住民税(地方税)の一般減税であり、これは戦後のインフレに対処するための物価調整減税であった。所得税や個人住民税は累進税率が適用されているから、インフレなどによって名目所得が上昇すると、実質所得は変わらなくても、より高い税率が適用されて租税負担額は増大する。物価調整減税は、物価上昇から生ずるこのような租税負担の自動的増大を調整し、以前と同じ水準の実質所得に対しては同額の実質租税負担額を維持するような減税である。この調整のためには、同じ名目所得額に適用される税率の引下げ、各種所得控除の引上げ、ある種の税額控除額の引上げなどの措置が必要である。また物価調整減税は、比例税率が適用される税の場合にも必要となる。それは、多くの場合に低所得者の保護などのために課税最低限が定められており、物価上昇に応じてこの課税最低限を引き上げていかないと、実質的増税につながることになるからである。

 経済全体のなかで相対的に拡大しすぎた公共部門を縮小しようと意図する場合などには、実質的減税が行われる。減税分を公債収入で補填(ほてん)してしまったのでは公共支出額を削減できないが、税収に対応して公共支出も削減する形での公共部門の規模の縮小は、スウェーデンなどの北欧諸国でも実施された。フィスカル・ポリシーの理論によると、政府支出については一定にしておいて減税を実施することは、民間部門の可処分所得を増大し、消費を高め有効需要を拡大する効果がある。ただし、公共事業の拡大などの政府の財貨・サービス購入による場合と比べると、所得の一部は貯金の形で有効需要から漏れるから、同じ額であっても減税による有効需要創出効果のほうが小さくなる。

 なお、アメリカでは、1981年のレーガン政権成立後、需要面より供給面を重視するサプライサイド・エコノミックス(供給の経済学)の考えを取り入れ、アメリカ経済停滞の大きな原因は重税にあるとして、歳出の削減を図る一方、所得税の減税によって貯蓄性を高めるとともに、法人税の減税、投資税の控除拡大など、企業活動に対する減税を行って設備投資を刺激し、生産性の拡大を図ろうとした。

 グローバル化の進展に伴い、近年において世界各国の個人所得税や法人所得税の最高限界税率は大幅に引き下げられてきているが、現代の福祉国家は巨大な財政需要を抱えており、ある税が減税されると他の税の増税により必要な財政収入を確保することが必要となる。

[林 正寿]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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