Fluorescence

Japanese: 蛍光 - けいこう(英語表記)fluorescence
Fluorescence

This is the light that is emitted from a substance when it is exposed to light. Fluorescence is when the emission stops immediately after the exposed light is removed, whereas phosphorescence is when the emission continues after the light is removed.

When light hits a substance, the compounds in the substance go from a ground state (low energy state) to an excited state (high energy state). The excited state is unstable, and when external energy is no longer applied, the substance will try to return to the ground state. When moving from the ground state to the excited state, the substance absorbs light, and when returning from the excited state to the ground state, it emits light. Depending on the nature of the spin-wave function, excited states can be singlet states in which the spins are paired, or triplet states in which the spins change direction. When returning from the excited state to the ground state, fluorescence occurs when the singlet state returns directly to the ground state, while phosphorescence occurs when the singlet state returns to the triplet state and then returns to the ground state. The lifetime of fluorescence is short at 10 -9 seconds, while that of phosphorescence is 10 -6 seconds, which is about 1000 times longer. A substance that emits fluorescence is called a phosphor. However, generally, when a substance receives light, it transitions to an excited state, and at the same time, it emits light of the same wavelength as the light received in an attempt to return to the ground state. When the emitted light is similar in color to the light of a firefly it is called fluorescence.

Since the wavelength of fluorescence varies depending on the material, it is also used to identify materials. In general, gases have a line spectrum, liquids have a band spectrum, and solids have a continuous spectrum. The fluorescence spectrum generated by solids is used today as a semiconductor.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

"Fluorescence and Phosphorescence" by R.S. Becker, translated by Keiya Kanda (1971, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin) " ▽ "The Secret of Color" by M. Bol and J. Dourgnon, translated by Kouo Inamura and Katsunori Nakahara (Hakusuisha, Que sais-je Bunko)"

[Reference] | Phosphors | Phosphorescence | Luminescence
Fluorescence emission mechanism
©Shogakukan ">

Fluorescence emission mechanism


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物質に光を当てたとき、その物質から発する光をいう。当てた光を取り除くと、ただちに発光が止まるのが蛍光で、発光がその後も続くのがリン光である。

 物質に光が当たると、物質内の化合物は、基底状態(エネルギー的に低い状態)から励起状態(エネルギー的に高い状態)になる。励起状態は不安定で、外部からのエネルギーが加わらなくなると基底状態に戻ろうとする。基底状態から励起状態に移るとき、その物質は光を吸収し、励起状態から基底状態に戻るとき発光する。励起状態にはスピン波動関数の性質により、スピンが対になっている一重項状態と、スピンが向きをかえた三重項状態がある。励起状態から基底状態に戻るとき、一重項状態から直接基底状態に戻るのが蛍光で、一重項状態からいったん三重項状態に立ち戻り、その後に基底状態に戻るのがリン光である。蛍光の寿命は10-9秒と短く、リン光は10-6秒で約1000倍長い。蛍光を発する物質を蛍光体という。しかし、一般に物質は光を受けると励起状態に遷移し、同時に基底状態に戻ろうと、受けた光と同じ波長の光を発光している。発光している光がホタルの光のような色である場合を蛍光といっているのである。

 蛍光の波長は物質によって異なるので、物質の同定にも利用されている。一般に気体では輝線スペクトル、液体では帯スペクトル、固体では連続スペクトルとなる。固体から発生する蛍光スペクトルは今日半導体として活用されている。

[下沢 隆]

『R・S・ベッカー著、神田慶也訳『けい光とりん光』(1971・東京化学同人)』『M・ボル、J・ドゥルニョン著、稲村耕雄・中原勝儼訳『色彩の秘密』(白水社・文庫クセジュ)』

[参照項目] | 蛍光体 | リン光 | ルミネセンス
蛍光の発光機構
©Shogakukan">

蛍光の発光機構


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