Theodolite - Theodolite

Japanese: 経緯儀 - けいいぎ
Theodolite - Theodolite

A device that moves a telescope horizontally and vertically on a tripod is called an "altazimuth mount," and a theodolite is a device that precisely measures directional angles using the crosshairs of a telescope with a refined structure. What is important is the orthogonality of the horizontal and vertical rotation axes, and the precision of the scale rings attached to them, and unlike equatorial mounts used for astronomical observation, the telescope plays a supporting role. Easy-to-use ones are also called "transits," and are widely used in surveying. Some are made with high precision for celestial observation, and can measure angles to within 0.1 seconds. In recent years, encoders have made it possible to display angle measurements digitally. In the past, surveying was centered on triangulation using an aodolite, but in recent years, trilateration using precision distance meters has also become common.

[Koichi Nakajima]

[Reference] | Transit
Theodolite
The theodolite used at the Mizusawa VLBI Observatory (now the Mizusawa VLBI Observatory). It was used to measure the direction and altitude of the balloon during high-altitude wind observations. Kimura Ei Memorial Museum, Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture © National Astronomical Observatory of Japan">

Theodolite


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

三脚などの上で望遠鏡を水平・上下方向に動かす装置を「経緯台」とよぶが、その構造を精密にし、望遠鏡の十字線を使って方向角を精密に測定する装置が経緯儀である。重要なのは、水平回転軸と上下回転軸の直交性、およびそれに取り付けられた目盛り環の精度などで、天文観測用の赤道儀などと異なり望遠鏡は脇役(わきやく)に回る。手軽に使用できるものは「トランシット」とも称し、広く測量に用いられている。天測用にとくに高い精度でつくられたものもあり、角度0.1秒まで測定する。近年はエンコーダーにより測角をデジタル表示できるようになっている。昔の測量は経緯儀による三角測量が中心だったが、近年は精密測距儀による三辺測量も行われるようになった。

[中嶋浩一]

[参照項目] | トランシット
経緯儀
緯度観測所(現、水沢VLBI観測所)で使用された経緯儀。高層風観測の際、気球の方角と高度の測定に用いられた。岩手県奥州市 木村榮記念館©国立天文台">

経緯儀


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