Cleisthenes

Japanese: クレイステネス（英語表記）Kleisthenēs

[Born] Around 570 B.C.
[Died] circa 508 BC. Ancient Greek Athenian politician. Born to Megacles of the Alcmaeonite family and Agariste, daughter of Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon. The Alcmaeonite family had long been enemies of the Peisistratos family, tyrants of Athens, and Cleisthenes himself had been in exile abroad. After Peisistratos' death, he was allowed to return to the country and became archon in 525 BC. However, he was forced into exile again. Since Megacles of the Alcmaeonite family was exiled for blasphemy over the handling of Cylon's rebellion, he had close ties with the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, and with the help of the oracle at Delphi, he influenced Sparta, and in 510 BC, King Cleomenes I of Sparta invaded Athens, expelled the Peisistratos family, and returned to Athens. After the collapse of the tyranny, he came into conflict with the oligarchs, including Isagoras, who had allied with Cleomenes I to establish an oligarchy. In 508 BC, he proposed democratic reforms with the support of the people, but was expelled again by Isagoras, who became archon that same year, and was forced into exile. However, he was recalled with the help of internal and external circumstances, such as resistance from the people, discord between the two kings of Sparta, and the wishes of Corinth, and he carried out the reforms. To prevent tyranny, he established a system of ostracism, which allowed people deemed dangerous to be banished from the country for 10 years if they received a certain number of votes from the citizens. He also divided Attica into 150 districts, and people were to be named according to their district. He abolished the patronymic title, and planned to overthrow the rule of noble families. He created 10 tribes by combining the city area, the inland, and the coast, and abolished the previous blood-related tribes (phyles) as the basis for administration and military rule. One general (strategos) was elected from each tribe, and the Council of 500 was newly established, which became an important institution thereafter. This reform consolidated the foundations of Athenian democracy.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]前570頃
[没]前508頃
古代ギリシア，アテネの政治家。名門アルクメオン家のメガクレスとシキュオンの僭主クレイステネスの娘アガリステとの間に生れた。アルクメオン家は，アテネの僭主ペイシストラトス家と長く敵対関係にあり，クレイステネスも国外に亡命していたが，ペイシストラトスの死後，帰国を許され，前 525年にはアルコンとなった。しかし再び亡命を余儀なくされた。キュロンの反乱後の処置をめぐる涜神の罪で追放されたアルクメオン家のメガクレス以来，デルフォイのアポロ神殿と密接な関係をもっていたため，デルフォイの神託の力をかりて，スパルタを動かし，前 510年スパルタ王クレオメネス1世がアテネを侵攻して，ペイシストラトス家を追放したあと，アテネに帰国。僭主政崩壊後クレオメネス1世と結んで寡頭政樹立を企てたイサゴラスら寡頭派と対立。前 508年民衆の支持を受けて，民主的改革案を打出したが，同年アルコンに就任したイサゴラスによってまた追放され，亡命を余儀なくされた。しかし民衆の抵抗，スパルタの2王間の不和，コリントのおもわくなど，内外の情勢に助けられて召還され，改革を断行。僭主政防止のため，市民の票が一定数集れば危険と思われる人物を国外に 10年間追放できるオストラシズム (陶片追放) の制度を設けた。また全アッチカを 150区に分けた所属区で名前を表わすようにし，家柄を示す父称を廃し名門の支配の打倒を策し，区をもとにして市域，内地，海岸を組合せて 10部族をつくり，以前の血縁的部族 (フュレ) を廃して行政，軍政の基礎にした。各部族から1人出る将軍 (ストラテゴス) ，五百人評議会が新たに設けられ，以後重要な機関となった。この改革はアテネ民主主義の基礎を固めた。

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