Grignard reagent

Japanese: グリニャール試薬 - ぐりにゃーるしやく(英語表記)Grignard reagent
Grignard reagent

A general term for RMgX-type organomagnesium compounds. It was named after the French chemist Grignard, who first synthesized it in 1900. This reagent is produced by reacting alkyl halides (RX, where X = chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I)) with metallic magnesium (Mg) in ether, and is said to have the composition RMgX. In reality, it is known to have a complex structure that includes the solvent ether. It is an extremely effective reagent for forming carbon-carbon (CC) bonds.


As shown in formula (1), it is synthesized by reacting an alkyl halide with magnesium in ether, and is used in the reaction as is without isolation or purification. The structure of the Grignard reagent cannot be simply expressed as RMgX, and in an ether solution, it is thought to have a complex structure in which the ether is coordinated to magnesium, and an equilibrium as shown in formula (2) exists. It is an active reagent that reacts quickly with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, so great care must be taken when preparing and storing the reagent to prevent air and moisture from entering it.

[Takeo Sato and Masaru Hirota]

[Reference] | Grignard | Grignard reaction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

RMgX型の有機マグネシウム化合物の総称。1900年フランスの化学者グリニャールにより最初に合成されたことから、この名がつけられた。この試薬はハロゲン化アルキル(RX。X=塩素Cl、臭素Br、ヨウ素I)と金属マグネシウム(Mg)とをエーテル中で反応させると生成し、RMgXの組成をもつとされている。実際には溶媒のエーテルを含む複雑な構造であることが知られている。炭素‐炭素(C-C)結合生成にきわめて有力な試薬である。


 式(1)に示すように、エーテル中でハロゲン化アルキルとマグネシウムを反応させて合成し、単離、精製しないでそのまま反応に用いる。グリニャール試薬の構造は簡単にRMgXで表すことはできず、エーテル溶液中では、マグネシウムにエーテルが配位した複雑な構造で式(2)のような平衡があると考えられている。活性な試薬で、酸素、二酸化炭素、水と速やかに反応するので、試薬の調製・保管には空気や水分が入らないように十分に注意する必要がある。

[佐藤武雄・廣田 穰]

[参照項目] | グリニャール | グリニャール反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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