Ireland

Japanese: アイルランド
Ireland
◎Official name: Ireland. ◎Area: 72,730 km2 . ◎Population: 4.59 million (2011). ◎Capital: Dublin (530,000, 2011). ◎Residents: Irish of Celtic descent. ◎Religion: 88% Catholic. ◎Languages: Irish and English (both official languages). ◎Currency: Euro. ◎Head of State: President, Michael Higgins (inaugurated in November 2011, 7-year term). ◎Prime Minister: Enda Kenny (inaugurated in March 2011). ◎Constitution: came into force in December 1937. ◎Parliament: bicameral. Upper House (60 seats, 6 elected from universities, 43 from occupational representatives, 11 appointed by the Prime Minister, 5-year term), Lower House (166 seats, 5-year term) (2015). ◎GDP: $255 billion (2007). ◎ GDP per capita - $45,580 (2006). ◎ Proportion of workers employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing - 9.2% (2003). ◎ Life expectancy - 78.3 years for men, 82.8 years for women (2011). ◎ Infant mortality rate - 3‰ (2010). ◎ Literacy rate - 100%. * * A republic that occupies most of the island of Ireland. Also known as Eire. It is made up of four regions, Leinster, Munster, Connacht and Ulster, and about 70% of the country's land area is farmland and ranches. It is an agricultural country, mainly engaged in dairy farming, with its main agricultural products being potatoes and wheat. It has few underground resources, and its main industries are food processing such as butter and cheese, tobacco and sugar refining. It exports livestock and dairy products and imports coal, oil and industrial products. [History] The area was under English influence from the 12th century onwards, but from the reign of Elizabeth I in the late 16th century, colonisation intensified, and during the Puritan Revolution, Cromwell thoroughly exploited the area. Catholic farmers continued to live in poverty under absentee English landlords, but in 1800, the area was formally united with England and became part of the United Kingdom. Catholic emancipation (see Catholic Emancipation Act) and the Irish problem were the biggest political issues in 19th century Britain. Although the Home Rule Act was passed in 1914, its implementation was postponed due to the outbreak of World War I, leading to an armed uprising in Dublin in 1916 (the Easter Rising), and armed struggle by farmers in 1919. In 1921, a treaty was concluded with the UK, and in 1922, the Irish Free State, excluding the north, was recognised as an autonomous dominion. In 1937, the country's constitution was enacted, its name was changed to Eire, and it maintained neutrality during World War II. After the war, in 1949, a new constitution was enacted, and Ireland withdrew from the British Commonwealth and became the Republic of Ireland. [Present Day] However, the government was faced with the problem of Northern Ireland, which had been separated during the independence process, and while opposing terrorist acts by the IRA (Irish Republican Army), which advocated the unification of the north and south by force, it sought a path to unification. In April 1998, the UK and Ireland reached a comprehensive agreement on the Northern Ireland peace process. In December 1999, an autonomous government was established by representatives of both Catholic and Protestant groups, but concerns remained about security, and in October 2002, the UK froze the autonomy and returned it to direct rule. In May 2007, an autonomous government was reinstated based on an agreement between the two groups. Ireland joined the EC (now the EU (European Union)) in 1973. [Economy] The economy began to decline rapidly in 2007, and financial institutions and securities companies were hit hard by the US subprime problem, recording huge losses, the unemployment rate exceeding 10%, and the finances were in a critical state. In November 2010, the Kenny (Fine Gael) government, a coalition government of the Fine Gael Party and the Labour Party, requested financial assistance from the EU. In response to the second request for financial assistance from the eurozone after Greece, the EU decided to provide assistance through the European Financial Stability Mechanism and began rescue efforts in cooperation with the IMF. Steady implementation of the financial assistance program by the troika of the EU, the European Central Bank, and the IMF is required. In May 2012, a referendum was held on ratifying the EU Fiscal Compact to strengthen fiscal discipline in member states, and it was ratified with 60% in favor. The Kenny administration continues to prioritize fiscal reconstruction and economic recovery. In 2011 and 2012, the economy turned to positive growth, supported by strong exports, but domestic demand remains weak, many sectors are in a slump, and the unemployment rate remains high. In 2013, the Troika support program will end, and the government's biggest challenge will be fiscal austerity and economic development, including fundraising after that. In May 2013, the EU Finance Ministers' Meeting agreed to extend the repayment period for support from the EU and other countries by up to seven years.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:
◎正式名称−アイルランドIreland。◎面積−7万273km2。◎人口−459万人(2011)。◎首都−ダブリンDublin(53万人,2011)。◎住民−ケルト系のアイルランド人。◎宗教−カトリック88%。◎言語−アイルランド語,英語(以上公用語)。◎通貨−ユーロEuro。◎元首−大統領,ヒギンズMichael Higgins(2011年11月就任,任期7年)。◎首相−ケニーEnda Kenny(2011年3月就任)。◎憲法−1937年12月発効。◎国会−二院制。上院(定員60,うち6は大学から,43は職域代表から選出,11は首相が任命,任期5年),下院(定員166,任期5年)(2015)。◎GDP−2550億ドル(2007)。◎1人当りGDP−4万5580ドル(2006)。◎農林・漁業就業者比率−9.2%(2003)。◎平均寿命−男78.3歳,女82.8歳(2011)。◎乳児死亡率−3‰(2010)。◎識字率−100%。    *    *アイルランド島の大部分を占める共和国。エールとも。レンスター,マンスター,コナハト,アルスターの4地域からなり,国土の約70%が農地,牧場。酪農を主とする農業国で,主要農産物はジャガイモ,小麦。地下資源に乏しく,工業はバター,チーズなど食品加工業,タバコ,製糖が主で,家畜,酪農製品を輸出し,石炭,石油,工業製品を輸入する。〔歴史〕 12世紀以降イングランドの勢力が及んだが,16世紀後半のエリザベス1世の治世から植民地化の動きが強まり,ことにピューリタン革命の際にはクロムウェルによって徹底的な収奪をうけた。以後もカトリック教徒の農民はイギリス人の不在地主のもとで貧困状態に留められたが,1800年に正式にイギリスと合同して連合王国の一部となった。カトリック教徒の解放(〈カトリック解放法〉参照),アイルランド問題は19世紀英国の政界の最大の争点であった。1914年自治法は成立したものの,第1次大戦の勃発によって実施は延期されたため,1916年ダブリンで武装蜂起(イースター蜂起)があり,1919年農民の武装闘争が始まった。1921年英国との条約が成り,1922年北部を除いたアイルランド自由国が自治領として成立を認められた。1937年憲法を制定し,国号をアイレと改め,第2次大戦中は中立を堅持した。戦後の1949年新憲法を制定し,イギリス連邦から離脱してアイルランド共和国に改めた。〔現代〕 しかし政府は独立の過程で分離した北アイルランドの問題をかかえ,武力による南北の統一を唱えるIRA(アイルランド共和軍)によるテロ行為に反対しながら,統一の道を模索してきたが,1998年4月英国・アイルランド両国の間で北アイルランド和平の包括的合意が成立した。翌1999年12月カトリック,プロテスタント両勢力の代表者による自治政府が発足したものの,治安面に不安を残し,2002年10月英国は自治を凍結して直轄統治に戻した。2007年5月2勢力の合意に基づき,再度自治政府が復活。アイルランドは,1973年EC(現EU(ヨーロッパ連合))に加盟している。〔経済〕 経済は2007年から急速な落ち込みがはじまり,さらに金融機関・証券会社がアメリカのサブプライム問題の直撃を受け巨額の損失を計上し,失業率は10%を超え,財政は危機的状況に陥った。2010年11月,統一アイルランド党と労働党の連立政権のケニー(統一アイルランド党)内閣は,EUに金融支援を要請した。ユーロ圏でギリシアに続く二番目の財政支援要請に,EUは〈欧州金融安定化メカニズム〉によって支援を決め,IMFと協調して救済に乗り出した。EU・欧州中央銀行・IMFのトロイカによる財政支援プログラムの着実な実施が求められる。2012年5月,加盟国の財政規律を高めるためのEU財政協定の批准をめぐって国民投票が行われ,賛成が6割に達し批准された。ケニー政権は引き続き財政再建と経済回復を最優先課題としている。2011年,2012年は好調な輸出に支えられプラス成長に転じたが,依然として国内需要は弱く,多くのセクターが低迷状態にあり失業率も高水準にある。2013年はトロイカによる支援プログラムが終了することから,政権にとって,その後の資金調達を含め,緊縮財政と経済発展が最大の課題となる。2013年5月,EU財務相会議は,EUなどの支援の返済期間を最大7年延長することで合意した。
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