Temperance movement

Japanese: 禁酒運動 - きんしゅうんどう
Temperance movement

A movement to stop or moderate drinking alcohol, or to prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol. There are various motives behind these movements, and the nature and purpose of the movement varies considerably depending on the motives. Attempts at temperance began at the same time that humans acquired alcohol. The Hebrew prophet Hosea, who lived in the 8th century BC, attacked people who were addicted to alcohol, calling them "people whose hearts had been taken away," and there is a record of the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah, who lived in the 6th century BC, praising those who disliked drinking and took action against it. This was probably the beginning of the temperance movement, which remains in historical fact. However, the motivation for these movements was more that alcohol was distorting normal human behavior and good sense, rather than that it was harmful to health, and until around the end of the 19th century, there was a strong tendency to think of alcohol as a miracle drug.

It was not until the 19th century that alcohol began to be clearly considered harmful to health. In 1804, B. Trotter from England and B. Rush from the United States published books discussing the harmful effects of alcohol at roughly the same time, and the temperance movement gained momentum thereafter, and in 1808, the first temperance organization with a strong religious flavor was formed in New York State, USA, under the leadership of a church. In Europe, similar organizations were formed in Ireland in 1818 and in London in 1931, and as a result of the strong lobbying of these organizations, the first international temperance conference was held in 1885.

Of particular note in the temperance movement is the American Prohibition Act, which came into force in 1920. This banned everything from the manufacture to the sale of alcoholic beverages within the territory. Behind this were not only the social and health hazards of drinking, but also other motives such as the desire to save on grains used in brewing after the First World War, and resentment towards Germans who made beer. It is well known that the result was the rampant spread of gang crimes caused by bootlegging and trafficking. For this reason, the law was repealed in 1933, teaching people around the world how difficult it is to abstain from alcohol. Since then, the temperance movement has not seen the same momentum as it did before Prohibition, but India, Sri Lanka, and Islamic countries are countries that prohibit alcohol for religious reasons, and in the United States, some states ban the sale of alcohol or impose time restrictions.

Temperance also dates back to ancient times in Japan. There are records of a law banning alcohol and meat for farmers in various provinces in 646 (Taika 2). This had religious connotations, but the main focus was on saving on staple foods, which are the raw materials for alcohol, as can be seen from the prohibition orders imposed during famines in 737 (Tenpyo 9) and 806 (Daido 1). It was Christian Ando Taro who publicly started the temperance movement in Japan, organizing the Japan Temperance League in 1890 (Meiji 23), and thereafter the movement took on a stronger Christian color. For this reason the movement split up, but in 1920 (Taisho 9) it merged to become the Japan National Temperance League. In addition, the politician Nemoto Tadashi vigorously campaigned for the establishment of laws regarding alcohol, and the Law Prohibiting Underage Drinking was implemented in 1922. The main purpose of its establishment was to prevent future drinking by prohibiting drinking among minors, since total prohibition is practically impossible. The Japanese National Temperance League was dissolved after World War II and split into various organizations. After the war, the habit of drinking became increasingly common, and unlike in Europe and the United States, there was less of a sense of religious prohibition, so the temperance movement became more flexible, moving in the direction of first encouraging people to drink in moderation, and then encouraging those who already felt the harm to abstain from alcohol, rather than strongly promoting abstinence like the Temperance Association.

[Kaji Tatsuo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

飲酒をやめよう、また慎もう、あるいは酒の製造販売などを禁止させようとする運動。それを裏づける動機はさまざまで、それによって運動の性格や目的にもかなりの差がある。禁酒の試みは、人類が酒をもったと同時に始まったといえる。紀元前8世紀のヘブライの預言者ホセアHoseaは、酒におぼれる人たちを「心臓をとられた人」として攻撃しているし、前6世紀の同じヘブライの預言者エレミヤJeremiahは、飲酒を嫌って反対行動をおこした人たちを賞賛したという記録が残っている。このあたりが史実に残る禁酒運動の始まりであろう。しかしこれらの運動の動機は、健康上の害というより、酒が人間の正常な言動や良識を狂わすためという意味が強く、19世紀末くらいまでは、酒はむしろ霊薬のように考えられる傾向が強かった。

 酒には健康上からも害があるとはっきり考えられるようになったのは19世紀に入ってからである。1804年イギリスのトロッターB. Trotter、アメリカのラッシュB. Rushがほぼ時を同じく酒の害を論ずる著書を発表し、以後禁酒運動は急速に高まって、08年にはアメリカ、ニューヨーク州で、教会の主導のもとに宗教的色彩の強い最初の禁酒運動団体がつくられた。ヨーロッパでは18年にアイルランドで、31年にはロンドンでも同様の団体ができ、こうした団体の強力な働きかけの結果、85年には禁酒運動最初の国際会議が開かれた。

 禁酒運動のなかで特筆すべきは、1920年より実施されたアメリカの禁酒法である。これによって領土内でのアルコール飲料の製造から販売に至るすべてが禁じられた。この背景には、飲酒による社会的、健康的弊害ばかりでなく、第一次世界大戦に入って、醸造の原料となる穀類の節約、ビールをつくるドイツ人への反感というような別の動機も働いていたが、この結果は、密造、密売の跋巵(ばっこ)によるギャング犯罪などの横行であったことはよく知られている。このため同法は33年に廃止され、酒を禁ずることの困難さを世界中の人に教える結果になった。以後、禁酒運動は禁酒法以前のような高まりはみせていないが、インド、スリランカ、イスラム諸国などは宗教的理由からの禁酒国であるし、アメリカでは州によって酒の販売を禁止したり、時間制限をしたりしている。

 日本においても禁酒の始まりは古い。法令として646年(大化2)に諸国の農民に酒と肉を禁じたという記録がある。これには宗教的意味合いもあるが、酒の原料である主食類の節約が主眼であったことは、737年(天平9)、806年(大同1)の飢饉(ききん)の際に禁酒令が行われていることでもわかる。日本で禁酒運動を公に始めたのはクリスチャンの安藤太郎で、1890年(明治23)日本禁酒同盟会を組織、以後、運動はキリスト教的色彩を強くした。そのためもあって運動は分裂したが、1920年(大正9)には合体して日本国民禁酒同盟となった。また法律による規制は、政治家根本正が酒類に関する法律の制定促進を熱心に運動し、1922年に未成年者飲酒禁止法が実施された。その成立の主旨は、全面的禁止は事実上不可能であるから、ともかく未成年者の飲酒を禁じて、将来の飲酒を防ごうという意図のほうが強かった。日本国民禁酒同盟は第二次世界大戦後は解散してまた各種団体に分かれた。戦後、飲酒の習慣はますます一般化し、また欧米と違って宗教的禁制感も薄いため、禁酒運動も柔軟化し、「断酒友の会」のように、禁酒を強く推し進めるよりも、まず節酒を、そしてすでに害を覚えている人たちには断酒を勧めようという方向にある。

[梶 龍雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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