Depositing money, securities, or other items with a depository institution such as a depository. Its legal nature is interpreted as a deposit contract made for a third party. Deposits are made for various purposes, but in terms of the functions they perform, they are classified as follows: (1) Deposit of payment (deposit in lieu of payment) This is a deposit made by the payor to the depository for the creditor in order to release the debt. There are two types of deposits in lieu of payment: when the creditor refuses to accept the payment (for example, when the landlord does not accept the rent with the intention of raising the rent), when the creditor is unable to accept it (when absent), or when the payor cannot identify the creditor without negligence (for example, when there is a factual or legal doubt about the existence or validity of inheritance or assignment of claim) (Civil Code Article 494, Commercial Code Article 524 Paragraph 1, 585 Paragraph 1, etc.), and when the creditor requests it under certain conditions (Civil Code Article 578, Commercial Code Article 524). (2) Security deposit (guarantee deposit, deposit for security) When there is a possibility of damage to the other party, it is made to guarantee compensation for the damage. It is often found in the Civil Procedure Act and tax law. An example is when a person who has won a case in a lower court can be required to deposit a security and a declaration can be made that provisional execution can be made without waiting for the final judgment to be confirmed (Civil Procedure Act, Articles 76 and 259). (3) Deposit for safekeeping Deposit simply means safekeeping. It refers to something that is temporarily kept in a trust when it is not possible to immediately dispose of something belonging to another person (Article 367, Paragraph 3, Article 394, Paragraph 2, Article 578 of the Civil Code, Article 585 of the Commercial Code, etc.). (4) Deposit of execution This is the case when the object of compulsory execution is deposited as part of compulsory execution (Civil Execution Act, Articles 91, 108, 137, paragraph 2, 141, paragraph 1, 168, paragraph 7, etc.). (5) Special deposits (confiscated deposits) This refers to deposits by candidates for certain special purposes, such as those made to restrict public office elections from running for publicity alone (Article 92 of the Public Offices Election Law). Candidates must deposit an amount stipulated by law, and if they do not receive a certain number of votes, the deposits belong to the national treasury or a local public entity. [Takahisa Awaji] Method and effect of depositThe method of deposit is as follows: in the case of deposits under the Civil Code, Commercial Code, etc., the deposit is made at a deposit office in the place where the debt is to be performed (Article 495, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code); in the case of deposits for security under the Civil Execution Act, the deposit is made at a deposit office within the jurisdiction of the court that ordered the provision of security or the district court that has jurisdiction over the location of the execution court. In the case of depositing money and securities, the depository is the legal affairs bureau or local legal affairs bureau under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice, their branch offices, or a branch office designated by the Minister of Justice (Deposit Law, Article 1), and in the case of other items, it is a warehouse or bank designated by the Minister of Justice (Deposit Law, Article 5). The object of the deposit may be not only movable property but also real estate, and the general rule is to deposit the object itself. However, if it is not suitable for deposit (for example, explosives), is in danger of being lost or damaged (for example, fresh food), or requires excessive costs to preserve (for example, cattle and horses), the object may be auctioned with the permission of the court and the proceeds deposited (the performer's right to sell for self-help - Civil Code, Article 497). The depositor must notify the creditor without delay after depositing the object (Civil Code, Article 495, Paragraph 3). The effect of a deposit is that, in the case of a deposit as a substitute for performance, it relieves the debtor of his debt (however, there is dispute as to its legal structure), and in the case of a deposit as security, it allows the depositee to acquire rights in the deposited items that are the same as a pledge. Therefore, in the former case, the creditor acquires the right to request delivery of the deposited items from the deposit office or the custodian of the deposited items. However, the depositor is also given the right to recover the deposited items. However, when the creditor receives the deposit, when a judgment declaring the deposit valid becomes final, or when a pledge or mortgage is extinguished by the deposit (Civil Code Article 496), the creditor loses the right to recover the deposited items. [Takahisa Awaji] [Reference items] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
金銭・有価証券その他の物を供託所などの供託機関に寄託すること。その法律的な性質は、第三者のためにする寄託契約であると解されている。供託は種々の目的で行われるが、その営む機能の面から、次のように分類される。 (1)弁済供託(弁済代用の供託) 弁済者が弁済の目的物を債権者のために供託所に寄託して債務を免れるためにする供託である。弁済代用の供託には、債権者が弁済の受領を拒み(たとえば、家主が家賃値上げの意図で家賃を受け取らなかった場合など)、または受領不能のとき(不在の場合など)、あるいは弁済者が過失なしに債権者を確認できないとき(たとえば相続や債権譲渡の有無・効力について事実上・法律上疑問がある場合など)になされる供託(民法494条、商法524条1項・585条1項など)と、一定条件のもとに債権者の請求に基づいてなされる供託(民法578条、商法524条)とがある。 (2)担保供託(保証供託、担保のための供託) 相手方に損害を生ずる可能性のあるとき、その損害賠償を担保するために行われる。民事訴訟法や税法に多い。下級審で勝訴した者に、最終の判決確定を待たずに、担保を供託させて仮執行のできる旨の宣言をつけることができる(民事訴訟法76条・259条)などがその例である。 (3)保管供託 単に保管の意味でする供託。他人の物をただちに処分しえない事情のあるとき一時的供託によって保管するもの(民法367条3項・394条2項・578条、商法585条など)をいう。 (4)執行供託 強制執行の一環として強制執行の目的物が供託される場合(民事執行法91条・108条・137条2項・141条1項・168条7項など)である。 (5)特殊供託(没取供託) 一定の特殊な目的、たとえば公職選挙について売名的な立候補などを規制するために行われる立候補者の供託(公職選挙法92条)がこれにあたる。立候補者は法律で定める金額を供託しなければならず、一定得票数に達しなかった場合にはこの供託金は、国庫または地方公共団体に帰属する。 [淡路剛久] 供託の方法・効果供託の方法は、民法、商法などの供託の場合には、債務履行地の供託所に供託(民法495条1項)し、民事執行法上の担保のための供託の場合には、担保をたてるべきことを命じた裁判所または執行裁判所の所在地を管轄する地方裁判所の管轄区域内の供託所に対して供託する。 供託所は、金銭および有価証券の供託の場合には、法務省管轄の法務局、地方法務局、それらの支局、法務大臣の指定する出張所であり(供託法1条)、その他の物の場合には、法務大臣の指定した倉庫または銀行である(供託法5条)。供託の目的物は、動産だけでなく不動産であってもよく、目的物自体を供託するのが原則である。ただし、供託に適しない(たとえば爆発物)か、滅失毀損(きそん)のおそれがある(たとえば生鮮食料品)か、あるいは保存に過分の費用を要する場合(たとえば牛馬など)には、裁判所の許可を得て目的物を競売し、その代価を供託することができる(弁済者の自助売却権―民法497条)。供託者は目的物を供託したら、遅滞なく債権者に通知しなければならない(民法495条3項)。 供託の効果は、弁済代用の供託の場合には、債務者をして債務を免れしめること(ただし法律構成については争いがある)、担保のための供託の場合には、被供託者をして供託物のうえに質権と同一の権利を取得せしめること、である。したがって、前者の場合、債権者は供託所または供託物保管者に対して供託物の交付を請求する権利を取得する。しかし、供託者のほうにも供託物を取り戻すことができる権利が与えられている。ただし、債権者が供託を受領したとき、供託を有効と宣告した判決が確定したとき、または供託によって質権あるいは抵当権が消滅したとき(民法496条)には、供託物の取戻権を失う。 [淡路剛久] [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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