Papal States - Stato pontificio

Japanese: 教皇領 - きょうこうりょう（英語表記）Stato pontificio

The territory ruled by the Pope as sovereign. It originated from the Roman Catholic Church's property known as the Legacy of Peter, and was founded in 754 when the Frankish King Pepin (Pipin the Younger) donated the Doge of Ravenna. In the 11th century, the Papal States expanded their territory based on the Donation of Constantine in the Pseudo-Isidore Documents, acquiring southern Tuscany, Campania, and Umbria. By the end of the 13th century, the Papal States had also gained control of the Marche and Romagna regions, making it a vast territory. However, the Pope's move to Avignon in the 14th century and the struggle for hegemony among the various princes significantly weakened the unity of the Papal States. Since the 16th century, attempts to centralize the Papal States have been gradually made under the Pope, but at the end of the 18th century, the Papal States were temporarily organized into the Cisalpine Republic and the Roman Republic against the backdrop of the occupation by French troops. After the restoration of the Papal States by the Congress of Vienna, a revolution occurred in the Romagna region in 1831, and the Roman Republic was established again in 1849, but it was short-lived. However, as the movement for Italian unification progressed, in 1860, Romagna, Marche, and Umbria voted in a referendum to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, and most of the Papal States were absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, Rome was also annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, leaving only the area around the Vatican as the Papal States, and conflict between the Pope and the Italian state began. However, in 1929, the Lateran Treaty concluded with the Fascist government recognized the establishment of the Vatican City State, with sovereignty over the Pope, which remains to this day.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ローマ教皇が主権者として支配する国土。ペテロの遺産と呼ばれるローマ教会所有地を起源とし，754年フランク王ピピン (小ピピン) がラベンナ総督府を寄進し，これらが基礎となった。 11世紀に偽イシドール文書中のコンスタンチヌスの寄進状に基づいて領土の拡大をはかり，トスカナ南部，カンパーニャ，ウンブリアを獲得した。さらに 13世紀末までにマルケ，ロマーニャ地方も支配下に入れて広大な領域とした。しかし 14世紀の教皇のアビニョン移住と諸侯の覇権争いは教皇領の統一性を著しく弱めることになった。 16世紀以来教皇のもとで中央集権化の試みが徐々に進行したが，18世紀末フランス軍の占領を背景に一時チザルピーナ共和国とローマ共和国に編成された。ウィーン会議によって教皇領が再建されたあと，1831年にロマーニャ地方で革命が起り，さらに 49年に再びローマ共和国が成立したが短命に終った。しかしイタリア統一運動が進むなかで，60年ロマーニャ，マルケ，ウンブリアが住民投票でサルジニア王国への合併を決め，教皇領の大部分はイタリア王国に吸収された。 70年ローマもイタリア王国に併合されて，教皇領はバチカン界隈だけとなり，教皇とイタリア国家の対立が始ったが，1929年ファシズム政権と結んだラテラノ条約により教皇が主権を持つバチカン市国の成立が認められて，現在にいたっている。

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