The word comes from the Latin anima, meaning "breath" or "soul," and refers to the belief in various spiritual beings. Spiritual beings include gods, spirits, souls, living spirits, dead spirits, ancestral spirits, fairies, and monsters. [Hiroki Sasaki] Characteristics of Spiritual BeingsWhen we consider the soul as a typical example of a spiritual being, it is often said to be an entity that resides in the human body, gives life to it, and can exist independently of its host (the body). This can be said to be a view of the spiritual (personality) aspects and functions of humans as being independent of their material (physical) aspects and functions. As long as the soul resides in an object, it gives life to that object, but even after the object dies and disappears, it continues to exist independently beyond it, so it is also called a super-natural being. Since it is usually an invisible being, it is considered spiritual, and since it has the same emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, and happiness as humans, it is considered personal. In many ethnic groups, souls are not only recognized as beings in humans, but also in animals, plants, and natural phenomena. [Hiroki Sasaki] theoryBritish anthropologist Tylor collectively named the group of souls found in all living things and phenomena as spiritual beings, defined the belief in these beings as animism, and used this to discuss the origin and essence of religious culture. According to him, the earliest humans, who reflected on their experiences of death, illness, ecstasy, and illusions, especially dreams, became convinced of the existence of a non-material entity, the soul, that could freely leave the body. Humans analogically applied this idea of the soul to animals, plants, and natural objects, and this gave rise to the idea of various spiritual beings and the belief in them. Therefore, the spirit is nothing other than the soul found in beings other than humans. The idea of spirits later evolved to give rise to the idea of gods and one God. Among Tylor's theories, the idea that the concept of the soul is the basis of the concept of spirits and the evolutionary interpretation of animism were later criticized from various quarters and are considered out of the question today. However, his theory that the essence of religion is faith in spiritual beings has been passed down to the present day, with various reinforcements. [Hiroki Sasaki] ExamplesSpiritual beings are often understood in connection with ideas about happiness and misfortune of humans and society, and the afterlife. In Okinawa, children who are sick or crying at night are attributed to Mabuiutoshi (soul-pulling), and a ritual is performed to attach the shed soul to the body. Head-hunting, which was once seen all over the world, is said to have been aimed at increasing fertility by obtaining the soul that resides within the head. Death is considered to be the permanent departure of the soul from the body, but it is believed that after death the soul travels to the afterlife, such as the heavens, earth, or underworld, and will visit this world at the appointed time. Living spirits (spirits that possess or disturb others), dead spirits, and animal spirits are said to possess humans and cause damage to their health. Fox spirits, Yakotsuki, and Osakitsuki, which are found in Japan, are examples of animal spirit possession. Among farmers, there is a belief in grain spirits, and among fishermen, there is a belief in ship spirits. Known spirits that possess humans include the Thai phi (pii), the Burmese nat, the Indonesian anito, and the Malaysian hantu. These spiritual beings are believed to have supernatural powers and are the subject of reverence and fear. [Hiroki Sasaki] Modern significanceAnimism is the attempt to recognize entities similar to the human soul in non-human beings. Generally, animism is a characteristic of primitive societies and primitive religions, and has been thought to have lost its meaning and function in modern society and civilized religions. However, there is no modern religion that is not related to spiritual beings such as souls, spirits of the dead, and ancestral spirits. Animism is also present in the foundations of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Animistic ideas are also strongly present in myths and literary works. Animism is also deeply related to animatism, shamanism, fetishism, totemism, and ancestor worship. [Hiroki Sasaki] "The Structure and Function of Primitive Religion, by Kiyoto Furuno (1971, Yurindo)" ▽ "Primitive Culture, by Tylor, translated by Yasunori Hiyane (1962, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "Religion: Primitive Forms and Theories, by Comstock, translated and supervised by Keiichi Yanagawa (1976, University of Tokyo Press)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ラテン語の「気息」とか「霊魂」を意味するアニマanimaに由来する語で、さまざまな霊的存在spiritual beingsへの信仰をいう。霊的存在とは、神霊、精霊、霊魂、生霊、死霊、祖霊、妖精(ようせい)、妖怪などを意味する。 [佐々木宏幹] 霊的存在の特質霊的存在の典型として霊魂についてみると、それは人間の身体に宿り、これを生かし、その宿り場(身体)から自由に独立して存在しうる実体であるとされることが多い。それは、人間の物質(身体)的側面、機能に対して、精神(人格)的側面、機能を独立の存在としてとらえたものといえる。霊魂は物に宿っている限り、物を生かしているが、物が死滅し去ってもこれを超えて独自に存在し続けるから超自然的存在super-natural beingsともよばれ、通常、不可視的存在であるから霊的spiritualとされ、人間と同じように喜怒哀楽の心意をもつから人格的personalとされる。諸民族において霊魂は、人間にのみ認められているのではなく、動物、植物、自然現象にも認められている。 [佐々木宏幹] 学説諸生(事)物、諸現象に認められる霊魂群を一括して霊的存在と名づけ、この存在への信仰をアニミズムと規定し、これによって宗教文化の起源と本質を論じたのが、イギリスの人類学者タイラーである。彼によれば、死、病気、恍惚(こうこつ)、幻想とくに夢における経験を反省した最古の人類は、身体から自由に離脱しうる非物質的な実体=霊魂の存在を確信するに至った。人類はこの霊魂の観念を類推的に動植物や自然物に及ぼし、ここにさまざまな霊的存在の観念とそれへの信仰が成立した。したがって霊spiritとは、人間以外の諸存在にみいだされた霊魂にほかならない。精霊観念はのちに進化して諸神や一神の観念を生むに至った。 以上のようなタイラーの学説のうち、霊魂観念が精霊観念の基盤であるとする考えやアニミズムの進化論的解釈は、のち各方面から批判され、今日では問題外とされる。しかし、霊的存在への信仰をもって宗教の本質とする所説は、種々補強されながら今日に継承されている。 [佐々木宏幹] 事例霊的存在は人間、社会の幸・不幸や他界に関する観念と結び付けて把握されることが多い。沖縄各地では子供の病気や夜泣きはマブイウトシ(魂落とし)に帰され、落とした魂を身に付着させる儀礼が行われる。かつて世界各地にみられた首狩りは、首に内在する霊魂を得ることにより、豊饒(ほうじょう)性を増大させることを目的としたといわれる。死は身体からの霊魂の永久離脱とされるが、死後の霊魂は天上、地上、地下などの他界に赴き、定められたときにこの世を訪れるものと信じられている。生霊(他人に憑(つ)いたり障(さわ)ったりする霊魂)、死霊、動物霊などは、人間に憑いて健康を損なわせるとされる。日本でみられる狐憑(きつねつ)き、ヤコツキ、オサキツキなどは、動物霊憑依(ひょうい)の例である。農耕民の間では穀霊信仰が、漁民においては船霊(ふなだま)信仰がみられる。憑依する霊として知られているものに、タイのピーphi (pii)、ビルマ(ミャンマー)のナットnat、インドネシアのアニートanito、マレーシアのハントゥhantuなどがある。これら霊的存在は超自然力を備えていると信じられ、畏敬(いけい)、畏怖の対象とされる。 [佐々木宏幹] 現代的意義アニミズムは、人間の霊魂に類似する実体を、人間以外の諸存在にも認めようとする営為である。一般にアニミズムは原始社会や原始宗教の特質であり、現代社会や文明宗教においては、その意義や機能を失うかのように考えられてきた。しかし現代の諸宗教において、霊魂や死霊、祖霊など霊的存在と無関係の宗教はない。仏教、キリスト教、イスラム教においても、その基層部にはアニミズムが脈々として存在する。また神話や文学作品にはアニミズム的観念が色濃くみられる。なおアニミズムは、アニマティズム、シャーマニズム、フェティシズム、トーテミズム、祖先崇拝などと深くかかわっている。 [佐々木宏幹] 『古野清人著『原始宗教の構造と機能』(1971・有隣堂)』▽『タイラー著、比屋根安定訳『原始文化』(1962・誠信書房)』▽『コムストック著、柳川啓一監訳『宗教――原始形態と理論』(1976・東京大学出版会)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…A general term for insects of the family Nymphal...
The head of a family or village in Iran. The moder...
A music teaching institution in the Chinese and Ja...
An argument based on emotion rather than on reason...
An ancient Roman god. It is said that Romulus, who...
…In this case, for a function u ( x ) that is twi...
This refers to the urban areas that expanded irreg...
…He was the first to claim the title of "Gre...
It broadly refers to games that focus on words th...
It is one of the Turkic languages. It is spoken i...
Alloy steel with strength and toughness used for m...
This phenomenon occurs when the clouds and smoke ...
A two- or three-year short-term higher education ...
An insect of the Lepidoptera order, Pieridae famil...
1495‐1562 Dutch painter. Born in Schoorl near Alkm...