Indirect Policy - Kibi Production

China's traditional policy of governing other ethnic groups. "Ji" means the head suspension of a horse, and "Hanatana" means the tether of a cow. During the Tang Dynasty, the government established governorates, prefectures, and counties for the various ethnic groups subordinate to the government according to the size of their territories, and appointed their leaders as governors, governors, etc., allowing them to inherit their titles. These prefectures were called "Jishu" (districts), and were inspected by the governorates and protectorates of the border areas, but were exempt from paying household registration and taxes, and were allowed to have autonomy based on ethnic customs. The term "Jishu" was used to refer to relations with countries in China's trade and negotiation sphere since the Han Dynasty, and the actual system of appointing the leaders of the subordinate ethnic groups as governors of prefectures was seen since the Six Dynasties period, but during the Tang Dynasty, while there were only around 300 prefectures in the interior, the number of Jishu Fuzhou reached a total of 856. However, there were also nominal jixi prefectures that were established temporarily in areas west of the Pamir Plateau, and their actual status varied according to the relationship between each ethnic group and the Tang Dynasty. Most of them were established by the time of the Xuanzong Dynasty, and after that only a few were established in the southwest. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, a few jixi prefectures were established in the areas of Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. During the Ming Dynasty, 19 jixi prefectures, 47 prefectures, and 6 counties were established in roughly the same areas.

[Shuichi Kaneko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の伝統的な異民族統治政策。羈は馬の面懸(おもがい)、縻は牛の鼻綱(はなづな)のこと。唐代では内属した諸民族に対し、その領域の大きさに応じて都督府・州・県を置き、首領を都督、刺史などに任命して世襲を許した。これらの州は羈縻州とよばれ、辺境の都督府や都護府の督察を受けるが、戸籍や租税の上納は免除され、民族の慣習に基づいた自治が認められた。中国の通商・交渉圏にある国との関係を羈縻と称する例は漢代からあり、内属した異民族の首領を州刺史に任命する実質的な羈縻州体制は六朝(りくちょう)時代からみられたが、唐代では内地の州が300前後であったのに対し、羈縻府州は総数856に達した。しかし、パミール高原以西などに一時的に置かれたまったく名目的な羈縻州もあり、その実態は各民族と唐との関係に応じて多様であった。またその大半は玄宗朝までに置かれ、以後は少数が西南方面に置かれたにとどまる。宋(そう)・元時代にも広西省、雲南省、貴州省方面に若干の羈縻州が置かれた。明(みん)代ではおおむね同じ方面を中心に羈縻府19、州47、県6が置かれたと思われる。

［金子修一］

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