Jun-yao-fa; Chün-yao-fa

Japanese: 均徭法 - きんようほう（英語表記）Jun-yao-fa; Chün-yao-fa

A type of forced labor in the Ming Dynasty of China. In the early Ming Dynasty, forced labor included the Lijia main labor (→ Lijia system) and temporary miscellaneous labor, but as time passed, the burden became heavier and the content became more diverse, so the equal labor law was born out of the need to optimize and regularize the method of allocating miscellaneous labor. It began in Jiangxi around 1443 (Zhengtong 8) under the plan of the Ancasi Jianshi Xiaji, and was eventually implemented nationwide in 1488 (Hongzhi 1). A ledger of equal labor allocation was created, and the types of miscellaneous labor were determined according to the rank of households, etc., based on the amount of land and people. At first, equal labor was imposed as a labor force (force difference), but when the land tax was changed to a silver payment, equal labor also came to be paid in silver (silver difference), and was included in the same when the single whip law was implemented.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，明代の徭役の一種。明初の徭役は里甲正役 (→里甲制 ) のほか臨時的な雑役があったが，時代の進展に伴いその負担が重く内容が多様化したので，雑役の割当て方法を適正化，定期化する必要から生れたのが均徭法である。正統8 (1443) 年頃，按察司僉事夏時の立案で江西に始り，やがて弘治1 (88) 年には全国的に施行された。均徭割当ての台帳として均徭冊がつくられ，土地と人丁の多寡を基準に戸などの上下に応じ，雑役の種目が定められた。均徭は初め力役を課したが (力差) ，田賦の銀納化とともに均徭も銀納化されるようになり (銀差) ，一条鞭法の施行により，これに包含された。

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