Myasthenia gravis (English spelling)

Japanese: 筋無力症 - きんむりょくしょう(英語表記)Myasthenia
Myasthenia gravis (English spelling)

What is the disease?

This is a disease in which abnormalities occur in the connection between muscles and nerves (neuromuscular junction abnormalities), causing muscles to weaken and become easily fatigued. Symptoms worsen when you get tired, and improve when you rest.

Various symptoms may appear, but in some cases symptoms may only affect the eyes. Ocular muscle type ( Hard type ) This is called asthenia, and when it affects the whole body it is called generalized myasthenia.

What is the cause?

It is thought to be an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies attacking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Essentially, it is thought to be an autoimmune disease with an underlying abnormality in the thymus gland.

Myasthenia gravis is Striated Muscle ( Royal bond ) (Skeletal muscle Extraocular muscles ( Foreign cancer ) When antibodies bind to receptors at the neuromuscular junction of striated muscles, the destruction of the postsynaptic membrane and receptor metabolism are promoted, resulting in a decrease in receptors and various disorders.

How symptoms manifest

In myasthenia gravis, the extraocular muscles tend to be affected first, so 60-70% of people Ptosis ( Fighting hard ) (drooping eyelids), Double vision ( Reconstruction ) (Things seem to be two.) Ophthalmoplegia ( Cancer paralysis ) , Strabismus ( squint ) It begins with eye symptoms such as inability to focus the left and right eyes. More than 90% of people experience eye symptoms. Ocular asthenia only has eye symptoms in about 20-30% of cases.

Diurnal fluctuations (changing severity throughout the day) and instability in eye symptoms are seen in two-thirds of patients. There is one peak at or below the age of three, Amblyopia ( Pole ) Caution is required as a cause of this.

For systemic symptoms, please refer to myasthenia gravis.

Myasthenia gravis can progress from ocular to generalized. Hyperthyroidism ( Factory inspection report ) etc. may also be combined.

Testing and diagnosis

A simple method is to focus on ptosis and observe the Lidwich phenomenon (when the eyes are moved from bottom to top, the frozen eyelid becomes fatigued and droops, then twitches and rises again), or to perform a one-minute upward gaze test (fatigue induction test).

If the symptoms improve within one minute in a Tensilon test, which stimulates the neuromuscular junction, an abnormality in the neuromuscular junction can be identified. Furthermore, if the anti-AchR antibody titer in the serum is high (normal is 0.5 nmol/ℓ or less), myasthenia is confirmed. In addition, a CT scan must be performed to check for the presence or absence of a thymoma. It is also important to confirm that the muscle excitation, known as the Wanning phenomenon, decreases with a repeated stimulation test.

Treatment methods

For the ocular muscle type, anticholinesterase drugs (Mestinon, Myterase) are the first choice, and if this is ineffective, steroid drugs are used. Paralytic strabismus ( Paralyzed ) For this, drug therapy is performed, and if there is no effect after one year or more, surgery is performed to realign the eyes. correction ( Resilience ) For ptosis, Frontalis ( Zentokin ) Perform lifting surgery.

In children, it is necessary to pay close attention to the onset of amblyopia and treat the condition in parallel.

In the case of systemic disease, a thymectomy is required and is performed by a neurology or thoracic surgery department.

What to do if you notice an illness

If you notice ptosis that fluctuates throughout the day, we recommend that you visit an ophthalmologist, neurologist, or thoracic surgeon to have the cause diagnosed and appropriate treatment selected.

Kenji Matsushita

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 筋肉と神経のつながりの部分に異常が生じ(神経筋接合部異常)、筋肉の力が弱くなって疲れやすくなる病気です。疲れると症状が悪化し、休息すると症状が改善します。

 さまざまな症状が現れますが、症状が眼だけの場合を眼筋型(がんきんがた)無力症と呼び、全身に現れる場合を全身型筋無力症と呼びます。

原因は何か

 ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体というところを標的として、自己抗体が攻撃することによって起こる自己免疫疾患と考えられています。本質的には、胸腺の異常が根本にある自己免疫疾患と考えられています。

 筋無力症は、横紋筋(おうもんきん)(骨格筋・外眼筋(がいがんきん))に障害が起こり、疲れやすくなるのが特徴です。横紋筋の神経筋接合部にある受容体に抗体が接合すると、シナプス後膜の破壊・受容体代謝が促進されて受容体が減少し、さまざまな障害が起こってきます。

症状の現れ方

 筋無力症では、最初に外眼筋が障害されやすいので、60~70%の人が眼瞼下垂(がんけんかすい)(まぶたがたれる)、複視(ふくし)(物が2つに見える)、眼筋麻痺(がんきんまひ)斜視(しゃし)(左右の眼の焦点が合わない)といった眼の症状で発症します。90%以上の人に眼の症状が現れます。眼の症状だけの眼筋型無力症は20~30%ほどです。

 眼の症状の日内変動(1日のうちで程度が変わる)や動揺が、3分の2の患者さんにみられます。3歳以下にひとつのピークがあるので、弱視(じゃくし)の原因として注意が必要です。

 なお、全身型の症状については重症筋無力症を参照してください。

 筋無力症は、眼筋型から全身型へ移行したり、甲状腺機能亢進症(こうじょうせんきのうこうしんしょう)などを合併することもあります。

検査と診断

 簡単な方法として、眼瞼下垂に着目してリッドウィッチ(下方から上方へ眼球運動させると、停止した眼瞼が疲労して一度下がり、またピクッと上がる現象)を観察する方法や、上方視1分間試験(疲労誘発試験)があります。

 神経筋接合部に刺激を与えるテンシロンテストで、症状が1分以内に改善すれば、神経筋接合部の異常がわかります。さらに、血清中の抗AchR抗体価が高値(0.5nmol/ℓ以下で正常)であれば、筋無力症と確定します。くわえて、CT検査で胸腺腫の有無を必ず確認します。反復刺激試験によってワニング現象といわれる筋肉の興奮が減少することの確認も重要です。

治療の方法

 眼筋型では、抗コリンエステラーゼ薬(メスチノン、マイテラーゼ)を第一選択として、効果がなければステロイド薬を用います。麻痺性斜視(まひせいしゃし)に対しては薬物療法を行い、1年以上たっても効果がなければ手術による眼位矯正(きょうせい)を積極的に行います。眼瞼下垂に対しては、前頭筋(ぜんとうきん)吊り上げ術を行います。

 小児では、弱視の発生に注意しつつ、弱視治療も並行して行う必要があります。

 全身型の場合は胸腺摘出術が必要になり、神経内科・胸部外科で行われます。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 日内変動のある眼瞼下垂に気づいたら、眼科または神経内科・胸部外科を受診し、原因について診断を受け、適切な治療を選択することをすすめます。

松下 賢治

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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