A device that observes and records the action potential generated by muscle contraction as a waveform. Generally, it refers to a device that aims to depict the action potential of skeletal muscles, but it can also refer to a device that observes and records the electromyogram of smooth muscles, in which case the name of the organ being measured is added first, such as an electrogastrograph, electroureterograph, or electrocystograph. An electrocardiograph is a device that measures the action potential of cardiac muscle, but is distinguished from an electromyograph. An electromyograph consists of electrodes, an amplifier, an analyzer, and a recorder. In addition, it is equipped with a cathode ray tube monitor for observing the electromyogram waveforms from moment to moment, and a clock circuit for generating a time signal. An electrical stimulator is also included when recording evoked electromyograms (described below). Surface and needle electrodes are used. Surface electrodes are silver disks or plate electrodes with a diameter of 8 to 10 mm, and are used when pain would interfere with the test or when observing discharges over a wide area of the muscle, as they do not damage the skin. Needle electrodes are hypodermic needles with one or more insulated core wires inserted into the target muscle to observe the action potential of a very limited area of the muscle. The action potential of skeletal muscles has a voltage of several tens of microvolts to 10 millivolts and a frequency of several hertz to several kilohertz, so field effect transistors with high input resistance are used, and differential amplifier circuits are used as a countermeasure against AC interference. For recording, photographic methods, data recorders, or digital storage devices are used, as ink recorders cannot keep up with high frequency components. [Toshiyuki Furukawa] ElectromyographyThe recorded waveform obtained by an electromyograph is called an electromyogram, but strictly speaking, it can be said to be the recorded waveform of the action potential (spike potential) of a nerve-muscle unit (NMU). A nerve-muscle unit is a combination of one anterior horn cell in the spinal cord, the motor nerve fiber that emanates from it, and the group of muscle fibers that the nerve controls. The action potential is a repeated pulse-like spike potential (a sudden action potential that occurs instantly), and a periodic NMU potential appears during light voluntary contraction, but as the muscle contraction becomes stronger, the number (frequency) of spike potentials increases, and interference waves appear during maximum voluntary contraction. Evoked EMG is a method of observing the EMG by applying an electrical stimulus of 100 volts or more to the nerves controlling skeletal muscles, causing muscle contraction, and includes the measurement of the stimulus conduction velocity between two points of a motor nerve and the reflex EMG (called H-wave) that passes through the spinal cord. EMG is useful for diagnosing disorders of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, motor nerves, and neuromuscular junctions, in addition to muscle diseases. Recently, practical experiments using EMG to electronically control a powered prosthetic arm have been attracting attention. [Toshiyuki Furukawa] "Edited by Ishiyama Yoji, ME Quick Q&A 7 - Electroencephalograph, Electromyograph, Ultrasound Diagnostic Device" (1993, Nanzando) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
筋肉の収縮とともに発生する活動電位を波形として観測、記録する装置。一般的には、骨格筋の活動電位の描写を目的とする装置を意味するが、平滑筋の筋電図を観測、記録する装置をさす場合もあり、その場合は、測定する臓器の名を初めに付して、胃電図計、尿管電図計、膀胱電図計(ぼうこうでんずけい)などとよぶ。心電計は、心筋の活動電位を測定する装置であるが、筋電計とは区別されている。 筋電計の構成は、電極、増幅回路、解析装置、記録装置からなり、このほかに、時々刻々の筋電波形を観察するためのブラウン管モニター、時刻信号を発生する計時回路が加わっている。また、誘発筋電図(後述)を記録する場合には、電気刺激装置が付属する。電極は表面電極と針電極とが用いられる。表面電極は直径8~10ミリメートルの銀製の円板、または皿電極で、皮膚を傷つけないので、痛みが検査の妨害になるような場合、および筋の広範囲の放電を観測する場合に用いる。針電極は注射針の中に絶縁した芯(しん)線を1本または数本封入し、これを目的の筋に刺して、ごく限られた範囲の筋の活動電位を観察するのに用いる。骨格筋の活動電位は、電圧が数十マイクロボルトから10ミリボルト程度、周波数が数ヘルツから数キロヘルツであるので、入力抵抗の高い電界効果トランジスタを用い、交流障害の対策として差動増幅回路が採用されている。記録には、インク書きレコーダーでは高い周波成分に追随できないので、写真撮影方式か、データレコーダー、デジタルの記憶装置が使われる。 [古川俊之] 筋電図筋電計によって得られた記録波形を筋電図というが、厳密には、神経・筋単位(NMU=neuromuscular unit)の活動電位(スパイク電位)の記録波形ということができる。神経・筋単位とは、脊髄(せきずい)にある前角細胞1個と、それから出る運動神経線維、およびその神経が支配する筋線維群の組合せのことで、その活動電位は、反復するパルス状のスパイク電位(瞬時におこる急激な活動電位)で、軽い随意収縮時には周期性のあるNMU電位が発現するが、筋収縮を強くしていくとスパイク電位の数(頻度)が増し、最大随意収縮時には干渉波が出現するようになる。 誘発筋電図とは、骨格筋の支配神経に100ボルト以上の電気刺激を加えて、筋収縮をおこさせて筋電図を観測するもので、運動神経の2点間の刺激伝導速度や、脊髄を経由する反射性の筋電図(H波という)を調べるものも含まれる。筋電図は筋肉の疾患のほか、脊髄前角細胞、運動神経、神経・筋接合部などの障害の診断に役だつ。最近、動力義手を筋電図で電子制御する実用化実験が注目されている。 [古川俊之] 『石山陽事編集『ME早わかりQ&A 7――脳波計・筋電計・超音波診断装置』(1993・南江堂)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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