A form of regional economic integration. It is a more integrated form than a customs union. In the case of a customs union, member countries set a common tariff rate for goods outside the region and remove tariffs, import restrictions, and other barriers to allow the free movement of goods within the region, but a common market also removes all restrictions on the movement of production factors such as labor and capital within the region. This creates a large single economic zone. A typical example is the European Common Market (ECM), which later advanced to a higher level of economic integration as the European Union (EU) with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and its entry into force the following year. In addition, the single currency, the euro, began to be used for non-cash transactions in the EU in 1999, and began circulating as cash in January 2002. However, most of the common markets formed by developing countries have not yet achieved a state of integration due to the significant disparities in economic development and policy differences between member countries. Currently, there are the following common markets: Mercosur (Common Market of the South), the Central American Common Market, and the Southern African Development Community. [Hikari Aihara and Kenji Akiyama] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地域的経済統合の一形態。関税同盟よりもいっそう統合の進んだ形態である。関税同盟の場合は、加盟各国が、域外へは共通の関税率を設定し、域内においては財を自由に移動させるため関税や輸入制限その他の障壁を除去するが、共同市場はそれに加えて、域内における労働や資本などの生産要素の移動に対するあらゆる制限をも除去するものである。それによって大きな単一の経済圏が構成される。典型的な例としてはヨーロッパ共同市場(ECM)があげられるが、これはのちに1992年のマーストリヒト条約調印、翌93年同条約発効とともにヨーロッパ連合(EU)として経済統合の段階を高めた。また1999年よりEUにおいては単一通貨ユーロが非現金取引に使われはじめ、2002年1月からは現金として流通を開始した。 なお、発展途上国どうしで結成されている共同市場は、加盟国間の経済発展の格差や政策の相違が著しいため、実質的には統合の状態を実現するには至っていないのがほとんどである。現在、メルコスール(南米南部共同市場)、中米共同市場、南部アフリカ開発共同体などがある。 [相原 光・秋山憲治] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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