Noble Gases - Kiggas

Japanese: 希ガス - キガス
Noble Gases - Kiggas

The six elements in group 18 of the periodic table are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). Element 118, the synthesis of which of three atoms was reported in 2006, is considered to be one of the rare gases (Ekaldon). It is contained in the air at about 0.94% by volume, and most of it is argon. The abundance of elements other than helium and argon is small. Because it was thought to have low reactivity, it is also called inert gas or noble gas. Helium is contained in relatively high concentrations in natural gas in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and other parts of the United States (maximum 8.9% by volume, usually 0.5-2% by volume). It is the second most abundant element in the sun and other stars after hydrogen, and about 24% of the mass of the universe is helium (hydrogen 74%). Radon is radioactive and is produced by the alpha decay of radium, so it is found in minerals that contain radium. The alpha particle is 4He2 + , so helium also exists. Rare gas elements are colorless, tasteless, and odorless gases at room temperature. They are monoatomic molecules with low melting and boiling points. All of these properties are due to their electron configuration of ns2np6 , which is known as the noble gas structure. Coagulation of rare gases in liquids and solids is due to van der Waals forces, which are stronger the more electrons there are in an atom, so the melting and boiling points increase with the atomic number. The ionization energy decreases with the atomic number, as the radius increases, meaning the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron becomes greater, and shielding by the inner shell electrons also works. Lighter rare gas elements are chemically inactive, but elements below krypton, and especially xenon, react relatively easily with fluorine and oxygen. The reactivity of heavier rare gas elements is linked to the fact that a decrease in ionization energy makes it easier to open the outermost shell. Rare gas compounds include short-lived He 2 * and He 2 + compounds formed by excited atoms or ions, clathrate compounds formed under low temperature and high pressure, and compounds in the usual sense of the word, such as fluorides, oxides, and fluoride oxides of krypton and below. In general, rare gases have a high diffusion power, and helium can even penetrate glass, so special glass or stainless steel containers are used. All rare gases diffuse through rubber and plastics. Analysis is by mass spectrometry, spectrometry, and gas chromatography. Applications include superconducting nuclear magnetic resonance devices, other refrigerants (helium), inert atmospheres (helium, argon) for welding or for manufacturing high-purity metals, semiconductors, and thin panels, filling gases for various light bulbs (argon, krypton, xenon), gases for gas lasers (helium, neon, argon, krypton), and discharge gases for plasma displays (neon, xenon, helium). Liquefied argon and xenon are also used as media in detection devices for high-energy physics.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

周期表18族に属するヘリウムHe,ネオンNe,アルゴンAr,クリプトンKr,キセノンXe,ラドンRnの6元素をいう.2006年に3原子の合成が報告された118番元素は希ガスの一員(エカラドン)とされる.空気中に約0.94体積% 含まれ,ほとんどがアルゴンである.ヘリウムとアルゴン以外は存在量が少ない.反応性に乏しいと思われていたため,不活性気体(inert gas)または貴ガス(noble gas)ともよばれる.ヘリウムはアメリカのカンサス,オクラホマ,テキサス州などの天然ガス中に比較的高濃度で含まれている(最高8.9 体積%,通常0.5~2体積%).太陽その他の恒星中で水素についで多く,全宇宙質量の約24% がヘリウムである(水素74%).ラドンは放射性で,ラジウムのα崩壊によって生成するので,ラジウムを含む鉱物中に見いだされる.α粒子は 4He2+ であるから同時にヘリウムも存在する.希ガス元素は常温で無色,無味,無臭の気体.単原子分子で融点,沸点は低い.これらの性質はすべて,その電子配置がns2np6のいわゆる希ガス構造をとっていることによる.希ガスの液体・固体中での凝集はファンデルワールス力によっており,原子内電子数が多くなるほど強いので,原子番号とともに融点,沸点が高くなる.イオン化エネルギーは,原子番号とともに半径が大きく,すなわち核と最外核電子の距離が遠くなり,内殻電子によるしゃへいも効いて,逆に低くなる.軽い希ガス元素は化学的に不活性であるが,クリプトン以下,とくにキセノンからは,フッ素,酸素などと比較的容易に反応する.重い希ガス元素が反応性をもつことは,イオン化エネルギーの低下が最外殻を開きやすくすることと結びつけられる.希ガス化合物としては励起原子,あるいはイオンのつくる短寿命の He2*,He2 など,低温高圧下でつくられる包接化合物,通常の意味の化合物としてクリプトン以下のフッ化物,酸化物,酸化フッ化物などがある.一般に希ガスは拡散力が大きく,ヘリウムはガラスをも透過するので特殊ガラス,またはステンレススチール容器を用いる.希ガスはすべてゴム,プラスチック中を拡散する.分析は質量分析,分光分析,ガスクロマトグラフィーによる.用途は,超伝導核磁気共鳴装置用,そのほかの冷媒(ヘリウム),溶接または高純度金属や半導体,薄型パネル製造の際の不活性雰囲気(ヘリウム,アルゴン),各種電球の充填ガス(アルゴン,クリプトン,キセノン),気体レーザー用ガス(ヘリウム,ネオン,アルゴン,クリプトン),プラズマディスプレイ用放電ガス(ネオン,キセノン,ヘリウム)などである.高エネルギー物理学用検出装置の媒質にも液化アルゴン,キセノンが使われる.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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