Retrobulbar optic neuritis

Japanese: 球後視神経炎 - きゅうごししんけいえん
Retrobulbar optic neuritis

Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic neuritis behind the eyeball, as opposed to intraocular optic neuritis (papillitis). It is characterized by sudden or gradual loss of vision and visual field defects, but in the early stages, no inflammatory symptoms are seen in the fundus. It often affects one or both eyes, and inflammation can be localized behind the eyeball, i.e., in the orbit, optic canal, or at the optic chiasm in the skull, or it can be scattered over a wide area. Causes include poisoning with various neurotoxins, bacterial or viral infections, spread of encephalitis or meningitis, sinusitis, anemia, ischemia, vitamin deficiency, pregnancy, breastfeeding, as well as demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, in which the myelin sheath, a component of nerve fibers, degenerates and falls off, and hereditary diseases, but the cause is unknown in many cases. That is to say, 40-60% of clinical cases are of unknown cause, and among these, there are cases where the condition is accompanied by various cranial nerve and spinal cord symptoms and spontaneous remissions and recurrences occur repeatedly, which is called multiple sclerosis. Treatment involves the administration of steroids in the acute phase, and the main focus of treatment is on causal therapy for sinusitis and meningitis, as well as treatment of infections, administration of large amounts of vitamins A, B1 , and B12 , and cessation of breastfeeding. Craniotomy is also performed and is effective in cases where symptoms of chiasmal arachnoiditis are present.

[Yoshio Imachi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

眼内視神経炎(乳頭炎)に対し、眼球より後方にある視神経炎をいう。突然あるいは緩徐に視力を失い視野が欠損するが、初期には眼底に炎症症状を示さないのが特徴である。片眼または両眼のことも多く、眼球の後方、すなわち眼窩(がんか)内、視神経管内、頭蓋(とうがい)内の視神経交叉(こうさ)部(視交叉部)などに限局し、あるいは広範囲に散在して炎症のおこることがある。原因としては、いろいろな神経毒による中毒、細菌やウイルスの感染、脳炎や髄膜炎の波及、副鼻腔(びくう)炎、貧血、虚血、ビタミン欠乏、妊娠、授乳などのほか、多発性硬化症など神経線維の構成要素である髄鞘(ずいしょう)が変性脱落する脱髄疾患、遺伝性のものがあげられるが、原因不明のものも少なくない。すなわち臨床例中、原因不明のものが40~60%にも及ぶといわれ、このなかに、いろいろと脳神経脊髄(せきずい)症状を伴い、自発的に寛解したり再発することを繰り返す場合があり、多発硬化とよばれる。治療法としては、急性期に対してはステロイド剤の投与を行い、副鼻腔炎や髄膜炎などに対してはすべて原因療法を主とし、そのほか感染症の治療や大量のビタミンA・B1・B12の投与、授乳の停止などを行う。視交叉部くも膜炎の症状がみられるものには開頭手術も行われ、有効である。

[井街 譲]

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