...In addition, children and the mentally ill were often not excluded from the scope of those responsible. In other words, in many premodern societies, collective responsibility was institutionalized for serious crimes, and objective responsibility was institutionalized, which punished actors only based on the severity of the consequences of their actions (or omissions), regardless of the actor's intentions. As we move toward modern times, the system of responsibility has gradually shifted from collective responsibility to individual responsibility, and from objective responsibility to subjective responsibility. *Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "objective responsibility" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…また子どもや精神病者が責任者の範囲から除外されない場合も少なくなかった。すなわち,近代以前の多くの社会においては重大な犯罪に関して集団責任が制度化されていたり,また行為者の意図が何であろうと,行為(または不作為)の結果の重大さだけによって行為者を罰する客観責任が制度化されていたりしていた。近代へ向かうにつれて,集団責任から個人責任へ,客観責任から主観責任へと,責任の制度がしだいに移行してきたのである。… ※「客観責任」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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