A mineral deposit formed in association with residual magma fluid rich in volatile components such as water. During the process of magma solidification (also called magma crystallization differentiation), lithophile elements crystallize from the magma as silicate minerals, while siderophile, chalcophile, and aurophile elements crystallize as oxides, sulfides, and simple minerals, respectively. At the end of the magma solidification stage, the residual magma fluid becomes rich in volatile components such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), lithium ( Li ), and boron (B), in addition to fluids such as water ( H2O ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ) , and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). For this reason, residual magma fluid is a fluid with high vapor pressure and is concentrated at the top of the magma. Fluids rich in volatile components also tend to concentrate in cracks in the host rock around the residual magma fluid concentration zone. These mineralization processes produce pneumatic minerals such as tourmaline, lepidolite (lepidium mica), topaz, scapolite, fluorite, and wolframite in the alteration zones of the deposit's host rock (especially the granite top) and in the veins in the surrounding areas. Another characteristic of pneumatic deposits is that they are generally accompanied by quartz, beryl, cassiterite, and tungsten minerals (scheelite, wolframite). [Hiroaki Kaneda] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水などの揮発性成分に富むマグマ残液に関連して生成する鉱床。マグマ固結の過程(マグマ結晶分化作用ともいう)で、マグマから親石元素は珪(けい)酸塩鉱物として、親鉄元素、親銅元素、親金元素はそれぞれ酸化鉱物、硫化鉱物、単体鉱物として晶出する。マグマ固結の末期には、マグマ残液は水H2O、二酸化炭素CO2や硫化水素H2Sの流体のほかに、フッ素F、塩素Cl、それにリチウムLi、ホウ素Bなどの揮発性成分に富んでくる。この理由によりマグマ残液は、高い蒸気圧をもつ流体でマグマ頂部に濃集する。また、揮発性成分に富む流体はマグマ残液濃集帯周辺の母岩のクラック中に濃集する傾向ももつ。これらの鉱化作用により鉱床母岩(とくに花崗(かこう)岩頂部)の変質帯やその周辺部の鉱脈中に、電気石、鱗雲母(りんうんも)(リチア雲母)、黄玉(おうぎょく)(トパーズ)、スカポライト、蛍石(ほたるいし)、斧石(おのいし)などの気成鉱物が生成する。気成鉱物に伴って、石英、緑柱石、錫石(すずいし)、タングステン鉱物(灰重石、タングステン重石)などが一般的に随伴することも気成鉱床の特徴である。 [金田博彰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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