Normal vibration

Japanese: 基準振動 - きじゅんしんどう
Normal vibration

When a string with both ends fixed, an air column in a cavity, or connected pendulums are vibrated, only certain vibrations occur. These are called normal or natural vibrations. In the case of a double pendulum, which is made by arranging two simple pendulums with the same string length and weight mass and connecting the strings of the two simple pendulums with a horizontal string, the vibration of one simple pendulum affects the vibration of the other, and the vibrations of the two simple pendulums repeat the increase and decrease over time. In other words, when one simple pendulum is swinging widely, the other pendulum hardly swings at all, and then the opposite happens, and this cycle is repeated ( Figure A ). However, when the two simple pendulums swing in opposite directions or in the same direction ( Figure B ), the state of vibration does not change over time. This type of vibration is called the normal vibration, and the way in which it vibrates is called the mode of the normal vibration. Not limited to double pendulums, when there is interaction between n harmonic oscillators, n modes of normal vibration are generated. And general vibration can be considered as a superposition of normal vibrations.

[Yoshiro Kainuma]

Oscillation of a double pendulum (Figure A)
©Shogakukan ">

Oscillation of a double pendulum (Figure A)

Oscillation of two simple pendulums (Figure B)
When two simple pendulums swing in opposite directions (left) and in the same direction (right), the way they swing remains the same over time. ©Shogakukan ">

Oscillation of two simple pendulums (Figure B)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

両端を固定した弦や、空洞中の気柱、つなぎ合わせた振り子などを振動させるとき、いくつかの特定の振動数の振動のみが発生する。これを基準振動または固有振動という。糸の長さもおもりの質量も等しい二つの単振り子を並べ、二つの単振り子の糸を水平な糸でつないでつくった複振り子の場合、一つの単振り子の振動は他の単振り子の振動に影響を及ぼし、二つの単振り子の振動は時間的な消長を繰り返す。すなわち、一つの単振り子が大きく振れているときには、他の単振り子はほとんど揺れず、やがてその逆となり、以後これを繰り返す(図A)。ところが、二つの単振り子が逆方向に揺れる場合と同一方向に揺れる場合(図B)には、振動のようすは時間が経過しても変わらない。このような振動が基準振動で、この振動の仕方を基準振動のモードという。複振り子に限らず、n個の調和振動子の間に相互作用が存在するときには、n個のモードの基準振動が生ずる。そして一般の振動は基準振動の重ね合わせとみなすことができる。

[飼沼芳郎]

複振り子の振動〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

複振り子の振動〔図A〕

二つの単振り子の振動〔図B〕
二つの単振り子が逆方向に揺れる場合(左)と同一方向に揺れる場合(右)には、振動のようすは時間が経過しても変わらない©Shogakukan">

二つの単振り子の振動〔図B〕


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